P Williams, Transnational Organised Crime and National and International Security: A Global Assessment, in V Gamba (ed.) Society Under Siege: Crime, Violence and Illegal Weapons, TCP Series: Volume 1, Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, September 1997, p. 13.

Ibid., p. 34.

M Shaw, Organised Crime in Post-Apartheid South Africa, ISS Papers, 28, Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, January 1998.

Definitions of ‘organized Crime’, <www.alternatives.com/Crime/define.html>

CIMC, Organised Crime: Working Definitions, Crime Information Management Centre, South African Police Service, Pretoria, 19 September 1997.

UN, Economic and Social Council Document, E/CN.15/1998/5, 18 February 1998.

Ibid., p. 18.

European Union, Communiqué 2075, Council, Justice and Home Affairs, 19 March 1998, <ue.eu.int/Presse/23234EA.htm>

C van den Wyngaert, The Transformations of International Criminal Law and Procedure as a Response to the Challenge of Organised Crime, Preparatory Colloquium, General Report of Section IV of the XVth International Congress on Penal Law, Budapest, 1999, Utrecht, 13-17 May 1998.

In doing so, I have borrowed from the definition being contemplated by the European Union as dealt with on page 7.

Elements of this definition have been borrowed from G Cronje et. al., The Juvenile Society, HAUM, Pretoria, 1982, as referred to on p. 10 of CIMC, op. cit.

D Pinnock, The Brotherhoods: Streetgangs and State Control in Cape Town, David Phillip, Cape Town, 1984.

C du Toit, Hulle het Verskrikking Gesaai, Nongqai, February 1960, p. 15.

J Schadenberg (ed.), The Fifties People of South Africa, Baileys African Photo Archives Production, Lanseria, 1987.

Du Toit, op. cit., p. 16.

Schadenberg, op. cit., p. ?.

Pinnock, op. cit., p. 5.

Ibid., p. 10.

Pinnock found that one Cape Flats township alone, namely Hanover Park, was divided among sixteen gangs in 1982. Ibid., p. 5.

Ibid., p. 3.

Ibid., p. 14. Pinnock correctly points out that the R2,2 million was calculated at the wholesale price of R6 a tablet and not at the then current retail street price of about R15 per tablet. This would push the retail value up to R5,6 million.

Statistics obtained from various annual reports of the Commissioner of the South African Police.

SAP, Annual Report of the Commissioner of the South African Police for the period 1 July 1986 to 31 December 1987, Pretoria, p. 34.

Ibid., p. 34.

A senior detective active in the 1980s.

SAP, Annual Report by the Commissioner of the South African Police for the period 1 July 1983 to June 1985, Pretoria, p. 6.

SAP, Annual Report by the Commissioner of the South African Police for the period 1 July 1985 until 30 June 1986, Pretoria, p. 1.

SAP, Annual Report by the Commissioner of the South African Police for the year 1989, Pretoria.

SAP, Annual Report by the Commissioner of the South African Police for the year 1990, Pretoria.

Nelson Mandela and other political prisoners had been released and organisations were unbanned, a National Peace Accord was signed, constitutional negotiations were in the offing and the government of the day was anxious to place itself on the political and moral high ground. In addition, the leadership of the CIS was involved in the negotiation process and had therefore become more sensitive towards the conduct of police investigators.

Williams, op. cit., pp. 19-23.

Ibid., p. 19.

M Shaw, State Responses to Organized Crime in South Africa, Transnational Organized Crime, 3(2), Summer 1997, p. 3.

All the names of individuals mentioned in relation to Operation Judas are fictitious. The gender or race of the individuals, as suggested by their real names, are correctly reflected by using different names from which the same inference can be drawn.

Pretoria News, 15 May 1993; and Servamus, July 1993.

Die Beeld, 29 August 1994.

The name is fictitious.

He is reputed to have accumulated assets worth about R40 million.

All names of individuals involved with the syndicates that were targeted by Operation Mynah are fictitious as police investigations are still ongoing.

Parliament: Written Reply to Question No 300, Hansard: Interpolations: Questions and Replies of the National Assembly, 5, 1998, col. 610.

M E Beare, Criminal Conspiracies: Organized Crime in Canada, Nelson Canada, Ontario, 1996, p. 144.

This situation may improve if the Prevention of Organised Crime Bill, presently under consideration by Parliament, is adopted and implemented. The Bill reflects elements of the RECO statutes which are in place in the US, civil forfeiture of criminal proceeds and measures to criminalise membership of gangs under certain circumstances.

Beare, op. cit., p. 145.