Notes


Published in Monograph No 52, March 2001
After Prison
The Case for Offender Reintegraion
Lukas Muntingh


The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Monique Ritter and Soraya Solomon for their respective contributions to this monograph.
  1. M Foucault, Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison, Vintage Books, New York, 1979, pp 265-268.
  2. Barbé Marbois, 1823, quoted in ibid.
  3. Lucas, 1836, quoted in ibid.
  4. Lucas, 1836, quoted in ibid.
  5. Ducpétiaux, 1837, quoted in ibid.
  6. Moreau-Christophe, 1839, quoted in ibid.
  7. La Fraternité 10, February 1842, quoted in ibid.
  8. Ballington, Punishment in South Africa, unpublished Masters dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1998, p 57.
  9. V Serge, Les hommes dans la prison, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1980.
  10. E Rotman, Beyond punishment: A new view on the rehabilitation of criminal offenders, Greenwood, New York, 1990, pp 127-128.
  11. Ibid, p 143.
  12. K Menninger, Therapy, not punishment, in J G Murphy (ed), Punishment and rehabilitation, Wadsworth, Belmont, 1985.
  13. Hegel ref.
  14. Rabie and Strauss quoted in Ballington, op cit, p 41.
  15. E Reitan, Punishment and the community: The reintegrative theory of punishment, Canadian Journal of Philosophy 26(1), 1996.
  16. Ibid, p 63.
  17. Ibid.
  18. N Fine, Through the walls, Community Law Centre, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 1996.
  19. Ibid.
  20. P Finn, Texas’ Project RIO, National Institute of Justice, 1998, <ncjrs.org/txtfiles/168637.txt>.
  21. B Blair et al, Boot camps for juvenile offenders: An implementation evaluation of three demonstration programmes, National Institute of Justice, 1996.
  22. D Thornton et al, Tougher regimes in detention centres: Report of an evaluation by the Young Offender Psychology Unit, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, 1984.
  23. Blair et al, op cit.
  24. Ibid.
  25. Ibid.
  26. Ibid.
  27. Ibid.
  28. Rotman, op cit, pp 150-153.
  29. V Stern, A sin against the future, Penguin, London, 1998, p 56.
  30. Rotman, op cit.
  31. Ibid.
  32. Reitan, op cit.
  33. P Finn, Chicago’s Safer Foundation: A road back for ex-offenders, National Institute of Justice, 1998.
  34. P Finn, The Delaware Department of Corrections life skills programme, National Institute of Justice, 1998.
  35. Ibid.
  36. Ibid.
  37. Ibid.
  38. Ibid.
  39. Ibid.
  40. Ibid.
  41. Foucault, op cit, p 293.
  42. Department of Correctional Services, Annual Report, DCS, Pretoria, 1989/90 and 1997/8; Nedbank ISS crime Index.
  43. DCS, ibid, 1997/8.
  44. The work of the Inter-ministerial Committee on Young People at Risk, the Committee on Juveniles Awaiting Trial (COMJAT) and Project Go have all been unable to reduce the number of children awaiting trial in prisons. Nor has there been any significant change in sentencing policy, except for the abolition of corporal punishment.
  45. L M Muntingh, Releases from prison per province, per sentence group and parole releases, NICRO Occasional Paper 12, 1997.
  46. D Gonin, La santé incarcéré: mèdicin et conditions de vie en détention, L’Archipel, Paris, 1993 (reported in Criminal Justice Matters 35, Spring 1999).
  47. Republic of South Africa, Correctional Services Act (no 111 of 1998), Government Printer, Pretoria, 1998, section 2.
  48. Department of Safety and Security, National Crime Prevention Strategy, Pretoria, 1996.
  49. NACRO, Opening the doors: The resettlement of prisoners in the community, London, 1993.
  50. Ballington, op cit, p 57.
  51. Business plan submitted to the Department of Welfare and Population Development by NICRO and the Working for Water Project.
  52. L M Muntingh, The effectiveness of diversion programmes: A longitudinal evaluation of cases, NICRO, Cape Town, 1998. For a more detailed description of NICRO’s diversion programmes, see L M Muntingh & R J Shapiro, NICRO diversions: An introduction to diversion from the criminal justice system, NICRO, Cape Town, 1997.
  53. A Dissel & S Chung, Reintegration and development programmes for prisoners in Johannesburg, unpublished report, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, Johannesburg, 1999.
  54. Ibid.
  55. Ibid.
  56. Ibid.
  57. Foucault, op cit.
  58. Dissel & Chung, op cit.
  59. Ibid.
  60. For a more detailed analysis of sentencing trends in South Africa see Muntingh, 1997, op cit.
  61. Fine, op cit, p 25.