NOTES


Published in Monograph No 59, August 2001
Demobilisation and its Aftermath I
A Profile of South Africa's Demobilised Military Personnel

  1. R MacDonald, L Manning & R Gable, An alternative certification programme: Career transition, Action in Teacher Education 16(2), 1994, p 34.
  2. K Kingma & V Sayers, Demobilisation in the Horn of Africa: Proceedings of the IRG workshop, Addis Ababa, 4-7 December 1994, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn, 1994, p 12.
  3. See Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), <www.bicc.de/demobil/brief4/sumn. html>.
  4. B Boutros-Ghali, An agenda for development: Report of the Secretary-General, A/48/935, United Nations, New York, 1994, p 7; see also N Ball &T Halevy, Making peace work: The role of the international development community, Policy Essay 18, Overseas Development Council, Washington, 1996; K Bush, Towards a balanced approach to rebuilding war-torn societies, Canadian Foreign Policy 3(3), 1995; K Kumar (ed), Rebuilding societies after civil war: Critical role for international assistance, Westview Press, Boulder, 1995.
  5. K Kingma, The role of demobilisation in the peace and development process in sub-Saharan Africa: Conditions for success, African Security Review 5(6), 1996, p 40.
  6. See E Mondo, Demobilisation and reintegration experiences in Uganda: December 1992 — December 1994, paper read at the IRG Workshop on Demobilisation in the Horn of Africa, Addis Ababa, December 1994.
  7. B Kazoora, Demobilisation of former combatants and redundant military personnel as part of a peace building process : The case of Uganda, BADC International Conference on Sustainable Disarmament for Sustainable Development, <www.disarmconf.org/database/ disarm014.htm>.
  8. Participation in a demobilisation process implies direct co-operation with the military which often leads to problems for donors. There is often donor concern that they are assisting in the creation of a professionalised and modernised armed force.
  9. B Kazoora, Converting defence resources to human development, paper read at the BICC Conference on the Ugandan reintegration experience, <www.bicc.de/general/events/devcon/ kazoora.html>. Kazoora suggests that special support programmes administered over a long period of time do not necessarily create dependency. They are extremely helpful in making economic reintegration a success for veterans with poor skills. However, much depends on the determination and the willpower of veterans and their spouses to make a success in civil life.
  10. Report of Working Group 3A, People: What to do? Demobilisation and ex-combatants, BADC International Conference on Sustainable Disarmament for Sustainable Development, <www.disarmconf.org/database/en20.htm>.
  11. J B Kayigamba, Disarmament: Rwanda trims the size of its army, <www.oneworld.org/ips2>.
  12. Conciliation Resources, Demobilisation, disarmament and rehabilitation, September/October 1997, <www.c-r.org/occ_papers/briefing4.htm>.
  13. Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration in Sierra Leone, Mail & Guardian, 23 July 1999; see also ODI HPN Report, <www.odihpn.org/report.asp?ReportID=200>, pp 1-4.
  14. NJSee Colletta, M Kostner &I Wiederhofer, The transition from war to peace in sub-Saharan Africa: Directions in development, The World Bank, Washington DC, 1996.
  15. Ibid.
  16. Bonn International Center for Conversion, Conversion Survey 1997, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997.
  17. See M Kiggundu, Retrenchment programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons for demobilisation, Paper 10, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn, Germany, 1997.
  18. See International Labour Office, Reintegration of demobilised combatants through self employment and training, ILO, Geneva, 1995.
  19. K Walter & P J Williams, The military and democratization in El Salvador, Journal of Anti-American Studies and World Affairs 35(1), 1993.
  20. D Holiday & W Stanley, Building the peace: Preliminary lessons from El Salvador, Journal of International Affairs 46(2), 1993.
  21. J Child, The Central American peace process 1983-1991: Sheathing swords, building confidence, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, 1992.
  22. BICC, Demobilization and reintegration in Central America, Paper 8, Bonn International Center for Conversion, February 1997.
  23. Child, op cit.
  24. BICC, Converting defense resources to human development: Proceedings of an international conference, Bonn International Center for Conversion, October 1998.
  25. J Montes, Salvadorian forces make more changes, Jane's Intelligence Review 2(8), 1995.
  26. E Laurence & S Meek, The new field of micro-disarmament; Addressing the proliferation and build up of small arms and light weapons, Brief 7, Bonn International Center for Conversion, 1996.
  27. BICC, Demobilization and reintegration in Central America, op cit.
  28. G Bland, El Salvador: Sustaining peace, nourishing democracy, Woodrow Wilson Center Office on Latin America, Washington, DC, 1993.
  29. Walter & Williams, op cit.
  30. FJ Aguilar Urbina (ed), Demobilization, demilitarization and democratization in Central America, International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development and the Arias Foundation for Peace and Human Progress, San Jose, 1994.
  31. BICC, Converting the skills of ex-combatants: Training for reintegration in Nicaragua, Bonn International Center for Conversion Report, October 1998.
  32. A M F Poncela, The disruptions of adjustment: Women in Nicaragua, Latin American Perspectives 23(1), 1996, p 88.
  33. K Farris, UN peacekeeping in Cambodia: On balance, a success, Parameters, Spring 1994.
  34. ICG, Cambodia: The elusive peace dividend, ICG Asia Report 8, August 2000, p 111.
  35. Ibid.
  36. Roundup: Military demobilization, Cambodia’s top priority in reform, People Daily, 17 April, 2001.
  37. Cambodia completes pilot demobilisation plan, The Times of India, 16 July 2001.
  38. C Oung, Speech, First National Conference on Gender in Development in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, 1999
  39. Cambodia: The elusive peace dividend, op cit.
  40. D Faulder, Fighting phantoms, Asia Week, 8 August 1999.
  41. Roundup: Military demobilization, Cambodia’s top priority in reform, op cit.
  42. Cambodia: The elusive peace dividend, op cit.
  43. Ibid.
  44. M Doyle, Peacebuilding in Cambodia: The continuing quest for power and legitimacy, Asia Society, 2000.
  45. D Mead, Awash with guns: Cambodia needs to cut its army and improve training, Asia Week, 26 June 1998.
  46. Cambodia completes pilot demobilisation plan, op cit.
  47. JPAzam, Some economic consequences of the transition from civil war to peace, World Bank, Washington, 1994.
  48. N J Colletta, M Kostner & I Wiederhofer, Case studies in war-to-peace transition, World Bank Discussion Paper 331, Washington DC, 1998.
  49. See K Kingma, Demobilisation and reintegration: An overview, Report 12, Bonn International Center for Conversion, October 1998, p 19.
  50. J Kotler, Guatemala rebels become civilians, Associated Press, 13 June 1998.
  51. T Motumi & P McKenzie, After the war: Demobilisation in South Africa, in J Cock & P McKenzie, From defence to development, David Philip, Cape Town, 1998, p 181.
  52. MK/APLA discontent was manifested by a walkout at Wallmansthal in September 1994, protests in Durban during the early part of 1995 and the establishment of protest groups by former MK and APLA members.
  53. Minister of Defence, Media Briefing, 21 August 1995; see also the Department of Defence website: <www.mil.za>.
  54. J Cock, Towards a common society: The integration of soldiers and armies in a future South Africa, unpublished research report, quoted in Motumi & McKenzie, op cit, pp 196-197; see also IDRC reports: In conversation with Jacklyn Cock, <www.idrc.ca/reports/read>.
  55. See T Motumi & A Hudson, Rightsizing: The challenges of demobilisation and social reintegration in South Africa, in J Cilliers, Dismissed: Demobilisation and reintegration of former combatants in Africa, Institute for Defence Policy, Midrand, undated, p 122.
  56. M Malan, Peacebuilding in post-conflict South Africa: The need for a comprehensive demobilisation and remobilisation programme, African Security Review 5(4), 1996, pp 28-50.
  57. See P Batchelor, J Cock &P McKenzie, Conversion in South Africa in the 1990s, Bonn International Center for Conversion and the Group for Environmental Monitoring, Bonn, p 45.
  58. The Sunday Independent, 25 January 1998.
  59. Saturday Star, 7 March 1998.
  60. Saturday Star, 14 March 1998.
  61. New African, April 1998.
  62. Saturday Star, 7 March 1998.
  63. Parliamentary media briefing, Cape Town, 18 September 2000, <www.gov.za/search97cgi/s>.
  64. Jane’s Defence Weekly, 15 December 1999, p 40.
  65. See, for example, S Laufer, Building a lean, mean, democratic machine, Business Day, 20 June 2000.
  66. D Greybe, Defence gets 28% increase, Business Day, 24 February 2000.
  67. See General S Nyanda, Restructuring the SA military: Between domestic imperatives and external obligations, paper read at the Annual General Meeting of the South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, 28 November 2000.
  68. Department of Defence, Annual Report 1999/2000, <www.mil.za/Articles&Papers/ AnnualReports>.
  69. Research was supported by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).
  70. See random sampling in JBWilliams &DA Karp, The research craft, Little Brown, Boston, 1990, pp 103-121.
  71. Business in Africa, February-March 1999; Financial Mail, 25 June 1999.
  72. P Kirk, 60% of SA Army may be HIV-positive, Mail & Guardian, 31 March — 6 April 2000, p 4.
  73. See G Mills, Aids and the military, Natal Witness, 4 September 2000.
  74. E M&WJSchurink, Leadership in performance and change, Department of Human Resource Management, Rand Afrikaans University, 7-9 May 2001.
  75. R A Jones, Research methods in the social and behavioural sciences, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 1996.
  76. NKDenzin, The research act, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1989, p 158.
  77. RCBogdan &SK Biklen, Qualitative research for education, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1998, p 106.
  78. Ibid, p 157.
  79. N Ball, Demobilising and reintegrating soldiers: Lessons from Africa, in Kumar, op cit; see also LJDumas, The role of demilitarisation in promoting democracy and prosperity in Africa: The economics of military expenditures in developing and emerging economies, Middlesex University, London, 13-14 March 1998.
  80. Consolidating peace through practical disarmament measures and control of small arms, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Berlin, 2-4 July 1998, p 19.
  81. R Williams, Demobilisation and reintegration in society, in Cock & McKenzie, op cit, p 208.
  82. See M Ejigu &TGedamu, Conversion in Africa, Bonn International Center for Conversion, Bonn, July 1996.