NOTES

Published in Monograph No 60, August 2001
Organised Crime in the SADC Region
Police Perceptions

  1. SADC member countries are Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, the Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
  2. The surface area of France is 547 030 km2. See The world factbook 2000, CIA Directorate of Intelligence, <www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/indexgeo.html>, August 2001.
  3. Ibid.
  4. UNDP, Human development report 2001, <www.undp.org/hdr2001/presskit.pdf>. Countries falling into the ‘medium human development’ category are Mauritius (63), South Africa (94), Namibia (111), Swaziland (113), Botswana (114), Zimbabwe (117) and Lesotho (120). The least developed countries, or those with a low human development index are Tanzania (140), the Democratic Republic of Congo (142), Zambia (143), Angola (146), Malawi (151) and Mozambique (157). (The 2001 report does not list Seychelles.)
  5. P Williams & D Brooks, Captured, criminal and contested states: Organised crime and Africa in the 21st century, South African Journal of International Affairs 6(2), Winter 1999, p 86.
  6. Ibid, p 81.
  7. For the South African experience, see P Gastrow, Organized crime and the state’s response in South Africa, Transnational Organized Crime 4(1), Spring 1998, p 56.
  8. F Msutu, Responses to organised crime in SADC: Interpol and SARPCCO, in C Goredema (ed), Organised crime in Southern Africa: Assessing legislation, ISS Monograph 56, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, July 2001, p 15.
  9. Nigeria, Nigerian criminals, and the drug trade, working papers prepared by Europe, Asia, Africa Unit, Strategic Intelligence Section, Intelligence Division, Drug Enforcement Administration, US Department of Justice, October 1996.
  10. South Africa: The Angolan connection, The Geopolitical Drug Dispatch 79, May 1998.
  11. For a study of the weapons flows in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland, see T Nkiwane, M Chachiua & S Meek, Weapons flows in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland, ISS Monograph 34, Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, January 1999.
  12. Including the following member countries of SADC: Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.
  13. For a copy of the convention, see <www.odccp.org/palermo/convmain.html>.
  14. The questionnaire was also made available to a senior officer of the Mauritius police agency in February 2001. However, this was done more for the purpose of informing them about the content of the questionnaire than expecting them to complete it. The Mauritius police were unfortunately not contacted during the initial phase of this project to explain the purpose of the questionnaire and to seek their support. This is now regretted and the Mauritius police should form part of all regional initiatives relating to law enforcement matters in future.
  15. SAIRR, South Africa survey 2000/2001, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 2001, p 108.
  16. Xinhua News Agency Bulletin, 17 March 2001, reported in Reuters Business Briefing, 19 March 2001.
  17. Articles 2 and 5 of the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, <www.uncjin.org/Documents/documents.html>.
  18. SA a major producer of fake dollars, Business Day, 3 March 2000.
  19. Crime Information Analysis Centre, South African Police Service, Annual crime statistics, <www.saps.gov.za/8_crimeinfo/bulletin/942000a/rsa.htm>.
  20. However, the South African Insurance Association estimates that, of the vehicles reported stolen, approximately 60 000 were subsequently reregistered, 36 000 were smuggled across South Africa’s borders, and 24 000 ended up in ‘chop shops’. See SAIRR, op cit, p 74.
  21. Government recruiting policemen in a bid to stem escalating crime, Pan African News Agency, 16 March 2000, reported by BBC Monitoring Africa, 20 March 2000.
  22. K E du Bois, The illegal trade in endangered species, African Security Review 6(1), 1997.
  23. Ibid.
  24. R Shoko, Stuck in a quagmire of corruption, Pan African News Agency (Dakar), 13 April 2001, <allafrica.com/stories/200104130160.html>.
  25. Ibid.
  26. Anti-corruption commission freezes minister’s account, Pan African News Agency Daily Newswire (Lusaka), 8 June 2001.
  27. "[N]o government, no matter how strong its technology, can fight and hope to win the war against organised crime syndicates without co-operating with other governments, both regionally and worldwide." See S V Tshwete, Legislative responses to organised crime in the SADC region, in Goredema, op cit, p 9.
  28. This case study relies on a paper by T van der Heijden, Measuring organised crime in Western Europe, National Institute of Justice/National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Washington DC, <www.ncjrs.org/policing/mea313.htm#note1>.
  29. Msutu, op cit, p 17.
  30. Ibid.
  31. Pan Africa News Agency (Dakar), 16 March 2000; BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 2000.
  32. Drug trafficking, armed robbery resurfacing in Tanzania, Pan African News Agency Daily Newswire, 21 February 2001.
  33. Quoting the Botswana Police Commissioner in Police need special crime units — Moleboge, Gaberone, Botswana, 26 March 2001, <www.mmegi.bw/main_stry_frnt_pg3.htm>.
  34. Crime Information Analysis Centre, op cit.
  35. Msutu, op cit, p 19.
  36. R S Gelbard, Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, paper read at a conference on War and peace in Southern Africa: Crime, drugs, armies and trade, Johannesburg, 406 August 1996.
  37. Ibid.
  38. Msutu, op cit, p 20.
  39. Quoting Commissioner Raphael Mungole in CIA sees Zambia as the region’s money laundering centre, The Post of Zambia, 16 February 2001.
  40. Ibid.
  41. For an assessment of existing legislation in SADC countries relating to organised crime and the aspects that require attention to bring such legislation in line with the requirements of the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, see Goredema, op cit.