NOTES

Published in Monograph No 61, August 2001
Demobilisation and Its Aftermath II, Economic Reinsertion of South Africa's Demobilised Military Personnel


  1. G Shelton, D Monyue, A Pullinger, M Simmonds & R Williams, Demobilisation and its aftermath I: A profile of South Africa’s demobilised military personnel, ISS Monograph 59, Institute for Security Studies, August 2001.
  2. Ibid. Shelton makes a distinction between demobilisation and rationalisation. Combined figures mentioned for staff demobilised or rationalised vary between 20 000 and 28 000. There is, however, uncertainty around the exact number of persons who were demobilised after being included in the CPR and those who were subsequently rationalised as part of a continuous downsizing operation. Therefore, current ‘official’ figures, as well as speculations in the media should be treated with some reservation until such a time when an audited and sanctioned release becomes available.
  3. Ibid.
  4. Of the respondents, 37 declined to indicate in which statutory or non-statutory force they had served previously.
  5. T Bilton, K Bonnett, P Jones, K Sheard, M Stanworth & A Webster, Introductory sociology, Macmillan, London, 1981.
  6. R C Bogdan & S K Biklen, Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 1982.
  7. Ibid, p 34.
  8. Ibid, p 37.
  9. Bilton et al, p 650.
  10. Ibid.
  11. Ibid, p 651.
  12. Ibid.
  13. N K Denzin, The research act, 3rd edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1989.
  14. G Ritzer, Sociology: A multiple paradigm science, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 1975. For the same line of argumentation, see also, C van der Burgh, The social definition of mental illness by medical personnel: A sociological analysis, unpublished PhD thesis, University of South Africa, Pretoria, 1985, p 109.
  15. W J & E M Schurink, Deciding to use a qualitative research approach: Lecture one, doctoral degree course in Leadership in performance and change, Department of Human Resource Management, Rand Afrikaans University, 7-9 May 2001.
  16. W L Neuman, Social research methods. Qualitative and quantitative approaches, 3rd edition, Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 1997, p 41.
  17. See Guba & Lincoln, op cit, pp 108-109.
  18. M C Patton, Utilization-focused evaluation: The new century text, 3rd edition, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1997.
  19. J Mouton & J Muller, Tracking trends in theory and method: Past and future — Programme evaluation: A structured assessment, in J Mouton, J Muller, P Franks & T Sono (eds), Theory and method in South African human sciences research: Advances and innovations, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 1998, p 15.
  20. J Mouton, The philosophy of qualitative research, in M Ferreira, J Mouton, G Puth, E Schurink & W J Schurink (eds), Module 3: Introduction to qualitative research methods, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 1986; E M & W J Schurink, Developing practice wisdom into theory: The use of qualitative methodology, The Social Work Practitioner-Researcher 1(2), 1988, pp 27-37; H P P Lotter, Kwantitatiewe of kwalitatiewe navorsing? ‘n Wetenskapfilosofiese perspektief, Acta Academica 27(3), 1995; see also B A Chadwick, H M Bahr & S L Albrecht, Social science research methods, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1984; J Mouton, Kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe metodologieë in die sosiale wetenskappe, South African Journal of Sociology 14(4), 1983, pp 124-131; J Mouton, Contemporary philosophies of science and the qualitative paradigm in the social sciences, South African Journal of Sociology 16(3), 1985, pp 81-89; J Mouton & H C Marais, Basic concepts in the methodology of the social sciences, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 1990.
  21. R Jones, Research methods in the social and behavioral sciences, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 1996, p 181.
  22. H Strydom & A S de Vos, Sampling and sampling methods, in A S de Vos, H Strydom, C Fouche, M Poggenpoel, E Schurink & W J Schurink (eds), Research at grass roots: A primer for the caring professions, Van Schaik, Pretoria, 1998, p 193.
  23. Neuman, op cit, p 207; see also W J Schurink, Gay vroue: ‘n Sosiologiese verkenning van die leefwyse van ‘n aantal lesbiërs aan die hand van outobiografiese sketse, Raad vir Geesteswetenskaplike Navorsing, Pretoria, 1981. This study of white gay women in Pretoria/Johannesburg provides a good local example. In his qualitative study of the unknown social world at the time of lesbians, he utilised friendship networks, which enabled him both to identify and to gain the co-operation of 24 cases of this highly stigmatised population to compile life sketches for sociological analysis.
  24. Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei defence forces.
  25. N K Denzin & Y S Lincoln (eds), Handbook of qualitative research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1994.
  26. Bogdan & Biklen, op cit, p 106.
  27. Ibid, p 123.
  28. J T Bertrand, J E Brown & V M Ward, Techniques for analysing focus group data, Evaluation Review 16(2), 1992, pp 198-290.
  29. Bogdan & Biklen, op cit, p 157.
  30. Jones, op cit, pp 168-169.
  31. P R Tracy jr, Prevalence, incidence, rates, and other descriptive measures, in K L Kempf (ed), Measurement issues in criminology, Springler-Verlag, New York, 1990, p 54.
  32. Ibid, pp 54-55.
  33. V Jupp, Methods of criminological research, Unwin Hyman, London, 1989, p 27.
  34. Fieldworker 1.
  35. Fieldworker 3.
  36. Fieldworker 2.
  37. Fieldworker 4.
  38. Fieldworker 5.
  39. P Frankel, Marching to the millennium: The birth, development and transformation of the South African National Defence Force, SANDF Communication Services, Pretoria 1998, p 55.
  40. R Ferreira, The democratization of the South African National Defence Force, Forum International 21, 2000, pp 53-71, p 59.
  41. Republic of South Africa, Department of Defence Bulletin 38/1998, 25 June 1998.
  42. Ferreira, 2000, op cit, p 63.
  43. Ibid, p 100.
  44. J Cilliers, C Schutte, I Liebenberg & B Sass, Public attitudes regarding the image and future of the South African military and defence industry, African Security Review 6(5), 1997, p 26.
  45. R Ferreira, The integration of the armed forces into the South African National Defence Force: A sociological investigation, paper read at the SASA congress, Military Academy, Saldanha, 6-9 July 1999, p 5.
  46. M Lekota, Address by the Minister of Defence on the Defence Budget vote, 7 April 2000.
  47. Frankel, op cit, p 57.
  48. Ibid, p 61.
  49. Ferreira, 1999, op cit, p 57.
  50. L P T Heinecken, Inequality and diversity: SANDF officers’ attitudes towards integration, affirmative action, gender and language, paper read at the SASA congress, Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, July 1998, p 4.
  51. Frankel, 1998, op cit, p 71.
  52. Ibid, p 107.
  53. Heinecken, op cit, p 7.
  54. Ibid, p 10.
  55. Ferreira, 1999, op cit, p 26.
  56. L Mashike, Standing down or standing out? Demobilising and reintegrating former soldiers, African Security Review 9(5/6), 2000, p 66.
  57. Ibid.
  58. Frankel, 1998, op cit, p 119.
  59. Ibid.
  60. Ibid, p 120.
  61. Ibid, 67.
  62. Ibid, p 68.
  63. Ibid, p 70.
  64. Ibid, p 71.
  65. R Ferreira, Die invloed van rasionalisering op die beroepsmobiliteit van offisiere in die SA Leër: ‘n Sosiologiese ondersoek, unpublished PhD thesis, Potchefstroom University, Potchefstroom, 1994.
  66. L B van Stade, Rationalisation in the SANDF: The next challenge, African Security Review 6(2), 1997, pp 37-44.
  67. F Uys, The SANDF transformation process, African Security Review 6(1), 1997, p 58.
  68. R G Reich, Rationalisation ... what you need to know, Salut 7(3), 2000.
  69. T T Matanzima, Human resources challenges, in J Cilliers (ed), Continuity in change: The SA Army in transition, ISS Monograph 26, Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, 1998, p 58.
  70. Shelton et al, op cit.
  71. J Modise, Opening address, Minister of Defence, SANDF seminar, Department of Defence, Pretoria, 1996, p 10.
  72. Republic of South Africa, Department of Defence Bulletin 9/1998, 6 February 1998.
  73. Republic of South Africa, Department of Defence Bulletin 4/2000, 27 January 2000.
  74. N Allie, Army sets the pace … as it discloses major changes, Salut 6(1), 1999.
  75. Ibid.
  76. Matanzima, op cit, p 58.
  77. Reich, op cit.
  78. Department of Defence Bulletin 4/2000, op cit.
  79. Allie, op cit.
  80. Ibid.
  81. Republic of South Africa, Department of Defence annual report, Department of Defence, Pretoria, 1999/2000,.
  82. Department of Defence Bulletin 4/2000, op cit.
  83. Matanzima, op cit, p 59.
  84. Quotation from fieldworker’s notes.
  85. Ibid.
  86. Ibid.
  87. Ibid.
  88. Ibid.
  89. Ibid.
  90. Ibid.
  91. Ibid.
  92. Ibid.
  93. Ibid.
  94. Ibid.
  95. Ibid.
  96. Ibid.
  97. Ibid.
  98. Ibid.
  99. Fifteen point programme of action of the Ministry of Labour, 1999-2004, Department of Labour, Pretoria, 1999.
  100. Business Day, 28 March 2001.
  101. Refer to Statistics South Africa, The October Household Survey: 1995, Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, 1995; Statistics South Africa, The October Household Survey: 1999, SSA, Pretoria, 1999.
  102. Financial Mail, 29 June 2001, p 18.
  103. Ibid.
  104. Department of Labour, Creating jobs, fighting poverty: An employment strategy framework, July 1998, <www.gov.za/report/1998/jobs_poverty.htm>.
  105. Ibid.
  106. National Skills Development Strategy, April 2001 — March 2005, February 2001, <www.labour.gov.sa/docs/sp/2001/feb/mdladlana_skills.htm>.
  107. Ibid.
  108. R Daniels & P Lundall, An analysis of the current job market in South Africa, project report for All African Consultants, Development Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town, June 2001.
  109. The study on the Skills needs of the South African Labour Market confirms this. It argues that "[t]he net number of sales and service jobs is likely to rise, as these jobs are not really threatened by technological advantages. The trade sector is expected to be the largest creator of jobs in this category." The report also points out that artisan jobs are likely to rise moderately within the building subsector and substantially in the trade sector. The latter referring to trade-related artisans such as butchers, confectioners and catering-related artisan skills. The manufacturing industry is expected to show moderate growth but a decline in artisans is likely due to labour saving technology: "[t]his however opens up opportunities for electricians and fitters and turners to maintain new machinery." See E Hall & J Roodt, Skills needs of the South African labour market: 1998-2003, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 1999, p 39.
  110. Financial Mail, 29 June 2001, p 18.
  111. H Bhorat & J Hodge, Decomposing shifts in labour demand in South Africa, South African Journal of Economics 67(3), 1999.
  112. Hall & Roodt, op cit.
  113. Ibid, pp 9-11, pp 38-40.
  114. Hall & Roodt, op cit.
  115. Ibid.
  116. Ibid, p 11.
  117. Shelton et al, op cit.