Introduction

Good morning/ afternoon/ evening, I am ... an interviewer working for Markinor, an independent market research company. We are conducting a survey among decision-makers who have attended conferences focusing on the issue of corruption. The survey is done on behalf of a South African research organisation and sponsored by the European Union and I would like to assure you that we are only interested in your opinion regarding the issue of corruption and your answers will be confidential. At the end of July we faxed you a letter to alert you that we would be contacting you in the near future. On completion of the survey you will receive a report from the Institute for Security Studies as a show of appreciation. May I have a few minutes of your time now to ask you some questions?

1 q Yes, continue
2 q No, new appointment, refused etc

S1. Were you invited and/or did you attend any of the following conferences? Public Sector Anti-Corruption Conference held in November 1998 — Cape Town

1 q Yes
2 q No

S1. Were you invited and/or did you attend any of the following conferences? National Anti-Corruption Summit held in April 1999 — Cape Town

1 q Yes
2 q No

S1. Were you invited and/or did you attend any of the following conferences? 9th International Anti-Corruption Conference held in October 1999 — Durban

1 q Yes
2 q No

Let us begin by talking about the general conditions in South Africa.

Q1. What are the most important problems facing this country that government should address? Please tell me the MOST important problem.

Now the SECOND MOST important problem.

1 q 2nd Problem
2 q No other problems

Now the THIRD MOST important problem.

1 q 3rd Problem
2 q No other problems

Now I would like to speak to you about corruption in general. Q2. What do you understand by the word "corruption"? What does it mean to a person like yourself?

Q3. Can you give me one example of corruption?

For the purpose of the interview we would like to suggest that the following definition of corruption is kept in the back of your mind. Corruption is where those in government and the civil service take money or gifts from the people and use it for themselves, or expect people to pay them extra money or give them a gift to do their job.

I am now going to read out a list of institutions and offices. Please give me your opinion on whether you think they could be involved in corruption or not. Please use the scale as read out. Q4. How many officials in the Office of the President do you think are involved in corruption?

1 q All/almost all
2 q Most
3 q A few/some
4 q Almost none/none
5 q Haven’t had a chance to hear enough about it

How many cabinet ministers do you think are involved in corruption?

How many senior government officials do you think are involved in corruption?

How many members of parliament do you think are involved in corruption?

How many civil servants, or those who work in government offices and ministries do you think are involved in corruption?

How many officials in provincial government do you think are involved in corruption?

How many officials in your local government do you think are involved in corruption?

Q5. Is government today more, just as or less corrupt than under apartheid?

1 q More
2 q About the same
3 q Less
4 q Don’t know

Q5.1 You mentioned that corruption increased. Why do you say so?

Q6. What about the next few years? Do you expect levels of corruption to increase, stay about the same, or decrease?

1 q Increase
2 q Stay about the same
3 q Decrease
4 q Don’t know

Q7. Thinking of the various ministries, departments and agencies in the national government, which would you say have the greatest levels of corruption? Any other? Any others? ACCEPT UP TO THREE

1 q Culture and Technology
2 q Customs and Excise
3 q Defence
4 q Education
5 q Environment/Conservation/National Parks
6 q Finance
7 q Foreign Affairs/Embassies/Consulates
8 q Health
9 q Home Affairs/Passports
10 q Housing
11 q Justice/Attorney Generals
12 q Public Service and Administration
13 q Public Works
14 q Safety and Security/Police
15 q Trade
16 q Welfare and Population Development
17 q Other (SPECIFY)
18 q Don’t know

Q8. When it comes to fighting corruption, which political party, if any, comes to mind first?

1 q ACDP
2 q Afrikaner-Eenheidsbeweging
3 q ANC
4 q Azapo
5 q Democratic Alliance
6 q DP
7 q Federal Alliance
8 q Freedom Front
9 q IFP
10 q NNP
11 q PAC
12 q UDM
13 q None
14 q Don’t know
15 q Other (SPECIFY)

Q9. When it comes to its members being involved in corrupt practices, which political party, if any, comes to mind first?

1 q ACDP
2 q Afrikaner-Eenheidsbeweging
3 q ANC
4 q Azapo
5 q Democratic Alliance
6 q DP
7 q Federal Alliance
8 q Freedom Front
9 q IFP
10 q NNP
11 q PAC
12 q UDM
13 q None
14 q Don’t know
15 q Other (SPECIFY)

Q10. Beside government, is corruption a serious problem in any other areas of South African society?

1 q Yes
2 q No/Don’t know

Q10.1. Which sectors?

1 q Business
2 q Labour
3 q NGO sector
4 q Educational institutions
5 q Community organisations
6 q Church
7 q Sport
8 q Other (SPECIFY)

Q11. Are corruption and fraud more prominent in the public or the private sector or is it about the same in both ?

1 q Public sector
2 q Private sector
3 q About the same in both
4 q Don’t know

Q12. What is your interpretation of the seriousness of corruption in South Africa? With which ONE of the following statements do you agree most?

1 q South Africa has a lot of corruption and it is one of the most serious problems the country is confronted with

2 q South Africa has a lot of corruption, but this country is confronted with other, more serious problems

3 q South Africa does not experience a lot of corruption, but it is still one of the most serious problems the country is confronted with

4 q South Africa does not experience a lot of corruption and it is not among the serious problems the country faces

Q13. What do you think is the MAIN cause of corruption in South African society in general?

Q14. What do you think is the MAIN cause of corruption in government in South Africa?

Q15. How well would you say the government is handling the matter of fighting corruption? Would you say ...?

1 q Very well
2 q Fairly well
3 q Not very well
4 q Not at all well
5 q Haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion?

Q16. How committed do you think the government is to fight corruption? Would you say that it is...?

1 q Very committed
2 q Committed
3 q Not very committed
4 q Not at all committed
5 q Haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion?

Q17. Does the government have sufficient resources to fight corruption? Do you think it has enough resources, needs a little more resources, needs a lot more or haven’t you heard enough about this to have an opinion?

1 q Enough resources
2 q Needs a little more resources
3 q Needs a lot more
4 q Haven’t you heard enouh about this to have an opinion?

Q18. What is government doing RIGHT in the fight against corruption?

Q19. What is government doing WRONG in the fight against corruption?

Q20. What about you personally? During the past year, has any government official, for instance a customs officer, police officer or traffic officer asked you or expected you or anyone you know to pay a bribe for his or her service?

1 q Yes, I have been asked to pay a bribe or I know of someone who has been asked

2 q No

Q21. Which of the following statements would you think best describes the majority of cases where an official has to be bribed in exchange for a service or for solving a problem?

1 q The public official requests or hints payment
2 q The offer must be made spontaneously by the citizen
3 q It is known beforehand how it is done and how much to pay

Q22. In general, which of the following statements would you think best describes the majority of cases where an official has to be bribed in exchange for a service or for solving a problem?

1 q The public official requests or hints payment

2 q The offer must be made spontaneously by the citizen

3 q It is known beforehand how it is done and how much to pay

Q23. I would like to read you a list of statements concerning corruption in government. For each, please tell me whether you strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, or strongly disagree.

Government officials are so poorly paid that they have no choice but to ask people for extra payments

Paying bribes to government officials or doing favours for them helps overcome the red tape of bureaucracy and makes it easier to get things done

Democratic systems of government increase the amount of corruption in a country

By selling government factories and businesses to private citizens (privatisation), the potential for corruption in government is increases

Q24. Elected politicians found guilty of corruption and fraud could face a number of situations. Which one of the following do you think is the most appropriate?

1 q Lose their jobs and go to prison
2 q Lose their jobs and have to pay a fine
3 q Lose their jobs only
4 q It depends on the seriousness of the corruption
5 q There should be no penalty for this
6 q Don’t know DO NOT READ OUT

Q25. Civil servants found guilty of corruption and fraud could face a number of situations. Which one of the following do you think is the most appropriate.

1 q Lose their jobs and go to prison
2 q Lose their jobs and have to pay a fine
3 q Lose their jobs only
4 q It depends on the seriousness of the corruption
5 q There should be no penalty for this
6 q Don’t know DO NOT READ OUT

Q26. There are numerous agencies that exist to fight corruption in South Africa. For each, please tell me whether you think they are very effective, effective, not very effective, or not at all effective in fighting corruption in government. If you have not yet had a chance to read or hear about the institution, please feel free to tell me.

How effective do you think Heath Special Investigating Unit is?

How effective do you think Special Investigating Directorate on Corruption (part of NDPP) is?

How effective do you think Office of the Public Protector is?

How effective do you think Office of the Auditor General is?

How effective do you think Public Service Commission is?

Q27.1. People talk about different measures to help fight corruption. For each of the following proposals, please tell me whether you think it would be very effective, effective, not very effective, or not at all effective in fighting corruption.

How effective would Greater access for citizens and news media to government information (including budgets) be?

How effective would A national anti-corruption hotline be?

How effective would Legal protection for whistleblowers be?

How effective would Vigorous news media investigation of corruption be?

How effective would Tougher legislation enabling more prosecutions and harsher sentences for corruption be?

Codes of conduct to promote professional ethics in government ?

Increased commitment by political and business leaders to fight corruption and fraud?

Schools placing more emphasis on moral values?

Religious community placing greater emphasis on promoting moral values in everyday life?

A media campaign to raise public awareness of the extent and costs of corruption?

More resources to investigate and prosecute corruption cases?

Special anti-corruption courts?

A single independent agency dedicated to fighting corruption?

Fighting organised crime?

Bar corrupt officials from holding public office?

Increase salaries of police officers?

Increase salaries of government employees ?

Detailed information on the part of government on how revenue is spent?

Greater internal financial controls and internal audits of government spending?

Greater transparency of government tendering procedures?

Verifying qualifications of all potential appointees to the civil service?

Blacklisting businesses proved to be involved in corruption?

Disclosure by top civil servants and politicians of all financial interests?

Greater transparency of political party finances?

Opposition parties and civil society acting as a "watchdog" of government activities ?

Increase the ability of parliament to oversee the activities of government ?

Create a national, non-statutory independent body to advise and co-ordinate the implementation of anti-corruption policies?

More research on the causes, nature and extent of corruption?

Regular anti-corruption conferences that bring together all sectors and stakeholders?

Prosecution of high profile individuals?

Q28. In politics, people sometimes talk of "left" (or "radical") and "right" (or "conservative"). Where would you place yourself on a scale from 0 to 10 where 0 means the left and 10 means the right?

0 q Left
1 q
2 q
3 q
4 q
5 q
6 q
7 q
8 q
9 q
10 q Right
11 q Don’t know/Refuse

I would like to conclude this interview by asking you some general questions for analysis purposes.

D1. Gender

1 q Male
2 q Female

D2. Into which age group to you fall?

1 q Younger than 24 years
2 q 25 ñ 34 years
3 q 35 ñ 49 years
4 q 50 ñ 59 years
5 q 60 years or older
6 q Refuse to answer

D3. Race

1 q Black
2 q Coloured
3 q Indian
4 q White
5 q Refuse/Not sure

D4. What is the language you would consider as your home language?

1 q Zulu
2 q Xhosa
3 q English
4 q Afrikaans
5 q South Sotho
6 q Swazi
7 q Northern Sotho
8 q Tswana
9 q Venda
10 q Other (SPECIFY)

D5. In which one of the following sectors do you work?

1 q Criminal Justice sector
2 q Public sector (government)
3 q Business sector
4 q Labour sector
5 q NGO sector
6 q Legislative sector (Parliament/Provincial Legislature)
7 q Other (SPECIFY)

D6. What is your highest academic qualification?

1 q Lower than matric
2 q Matric
3 q Diploma
4 q Bachelor’s degree
5 q Honours degree
6 q Masters degree
7 q Doctorate
8 q Refused

D7. If applicable, into which one of the following broad religious categories do you fall?

1 q Christian
2 q Jewish
3 q Moslem
4 q Other
5 q Agnostic
6 q Atheist
7 q Refuse

D8. Would you like to receive a free copy of the report that the Institute for Security Studies will be compiling upon completion of this survey?

1 q Yes
2 q No

Can I please have your postal details?

Thank you for the time and input provided during this interview.