NOTES

Published in Monograph No 79, February 2003

HIV/Aids in Prison, Problems, Policies and Potential

KC Goyer

  1. Department of Correctional Services, Official Statistics, Pretoria, June 2002.

  2. A Whiteside and G Wood, AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal: An Emerging Threat, KwaZulu-Natal Briefing, The Helen Suzman Foundation, Johannesburg, December 1996, p 1.

  3. UNAIDS, Consultation on STD interventions for preventing HIV: what is the evidence? UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000, pp 7–8.

  4. United Nations Development Program, HIV/AIDS and Human Development, South Africa, UNAIDS and UNDP, 1998.

  5. UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections: South Africa, UNAIDS, 2000, pp 7–8.

  6. UNDP, op cit, pp 52–3.

  7. MetLife, Doyle Model, Scenario 225, Available from HEARD, University of Natal, Durban, April 2000.

  8. UNDP, op cit, p 55.

  9. Department of Correctional Services, Official Statistics, Pretoria, February 2001.

  10. LS Shain, DA Wohl, BL Stephenson, MS Adamian, CB Emrick, RP Strauss, C Golin and A Kaplan, Sexual and drug related risky behaviors among HIV positive individuals following release from prisons in North Carolina, Paper presented at XIV International HIV/AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2002.

  11. Ibid.

  12. DW Seal, AD Margolis, D Binson, KM Morrow, GD Eldridge, D Kacanek, L Belcher, JM Sosman & Project START,HIV, STD, and hepatitis risk behavior among 18–29 year old men incarcerated in the United States, Presentation at the XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, July, 2002.

  13. Ibid.

  14. DR Tourinho & I Dourado, Safe sex in the prison system in Salvador, Brazil: It is possible?, Abstract presented at the XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, July 2002.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Ibid.

  17. A Morozov and AN Fridman, HIV testing, prevalence, and risk behaviors among prisoners incarcerated in St Petersburg, Russia, Paper presented at the XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, July, 2000.

  18. M Bijl and L Frost, Public health rationale for MSF’s prison HIV/AIDS prevention pilot program in the Russian Federation, Paper presented at XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, July, 2000.

  19. L Moriarty and C Fields, Is the Segregation of HIV-positive Inmates Ethical?, Prison Journal 79(1), March 1999, p 11.

  20. Ibid.

  21. PA Thomas and M Moerings (eds), AIDS in Prison, Darmouth Publishing Company Ltd, Hants, England, 1994, p 111.

  22. Ibid, p 112.

  23. HIV soars in prison inmates, Hamilton Spectator, Canada, 16 November 2000.

  24. Ibid.

  25. DL Yirrell, D Robertson, DJ Goldberg, J McMenamin, S Cameron, AJ Leigh-Brown, Molecular Investigation into Outbreak of HIV in a Scottish Prison, British Medical Journal, 314(1446), May 17, 1997, p 1.

  26. National AIDS & Prisons Forum (NAPF), Press Release, 20 July 1998, p 1.

  27. PA Thomas and M Moerings, op cit, p 47.

  28. Ibid.

  29. Prison ‘turning inmates into heroin addicts’, The Independent, 1 May 1998, p 1.

  30. Ibid.

  31. JJ Neser and M Pretorius, AIDS in Prisons, Acta Criminologica, 6(1), 1993, p 24.

  32. L Highelyman, Sexual Transmission in the Era of New Treatments, Bulletin of Experimental Treatments for AIDS, San Francisco AIDS Foundation, July 1999, p 1.

  33. M Carelse, AIDS Prevention and High Risk Behaviour in Juvenile Correctional Institutions, University of Western Cape, Bellville, 1994, p 5.

  34. Understanding HIV/AIDS, AIDS Toolkits, Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development, USAID, 1999, p 1.

  35. World Bank, Confronting AIDS, Oxford University Press, 1997, p 59.

  36. Highleyman, op cit, p 3.

  37. S Gear, An Uncomfortable, Unspeakable Truth, Mail & Guardian, No 25, May 2001, p 2.

  38. Thomas, op cit, p 49.

  39. Ibid, p 47.

  40. Ibid, p 49.

  41. S Donaldson, Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Garland Public, New York, 1990, p 4.

  42. Ibid, p 11.

  43. Ibid, p 12.

  44. M Jolofani, AIDS in Prison in Malawi, Penal Reform International, Paris, 1999, p 8.

  45. Ibid, p 7.

  46. Ibid, p 8.

  47. Ibid, p 9.

  48. Ibid.

  49. Ibid.

  50. Ibid, p 10.

  51. Ibid, p 11.

  52. Ibid, p 16.

  53. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 5.

  54. Ibid.

  55. V Stern, A Sin Against the Future: Imprisonment in the World, Penguin Books, London, 1998, p 13.

  56. M Carelse, op cit, p 8.

  57. USAID, op cit.

  58. V Stern, op cit, p 17.

  59. As quoted in V Stern, op cit, p 18.

  60. MA Nikitina, Effective Approaches to HIV/AIDS Prevention and the Protection of Rights of HIV positive Prison Inmates in the Russian Federation, Paper presented at XIV International HIV/AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 2002.

  61. A Rakhmanova, GV Volkova, AA Yakouleu, LN Krvga, NA Chaka, VR Shelukhina, EN Vinogradova, HIV in St. Petersburg, Paper presented at XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, 2000.

  62. Ibid.

  63. HIV/AIDS Education in Prison Project (HEPP), Brown University, HEPP News 3(7/8), July/August 2000, p 1.

  64. CDC Website, 1999 <http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1102/commentary. htm>

  65. AIDS Info (New York) <http://aidsinfonyc.org/aip/facts.html>

  66. Thomas, op cit, p 141.

  67. AIDS Law website <http://www.aidslaw.ca/Maincontent/issues/prisons/e-info-pa1.htm>

  68. NAPF, op cit, p 1.

  69. Thomas, op cit, p 140.

  70. SG Nagaraj, M Sarvade, L Muthanna, R Raju, S Aju, and NM Sarvade, HIV seroprevalance and prevalent attitudes amongst the prisoners: A case study in Mysore, Karnataka state India, Paper presented at XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, July 2000.

  71. Department of Correctional Services, Annual Report, Pretoria, 1999, p 19.

  72. UNAIDS, Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections, op cit, p 3.

  73. Office of the Inspecting Judge, Annual Report 2000: Prisons and Prisoners, Judicial Inspectorate, Cape Town, 31 January 2001, p 19.

  74. Office of the Inspecting Judge, Study of AIDS Related Deaths in Prison, Judicial Inspectorate, Cape Town, 2000.

  75. Correctional Services Dispute HIV/Aids Statistics in Prisons, BuaNews, Pretoria, May 24, 2002.

  76. Ibid.

  77. Fagan Comes in for Stick in Committee About Aids Claims, South African Press Association, Johannesburg, May 28, 2002.

  78. Ibid.

  79. Correctional Services Dispute HIV/Aids Statistics in Prisons, op cit.

  80. Westville Medium B Records Department, Report on prisoners admitted during 2001, obtained 26 January 2002.

  81. UNDP, op cit, p 57.

  82. Ibid, p 57.

  83. Ibid, p 24.

  84. Westville Medium B Records Department, op cit.

  85. R Dorrington and L Johnson, The Ingredients and Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in South Africa and its Provinces, UNICEF Global Study For the South African Case Study of the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Children, Health Economics & HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of Natal, Durban, May 2001, p 5.

  86. Ibid.

  87. Department of Correctional Services, Official Statistics, Pretoria, February 2001.

  88. Actuarial Scientists Association of South Africa (ASSA), Actuarial Projection of the Epidemic, 2000, <www.assa.org.za>

  89. Interview #10 with Ted Leggett, Institute for Security Studies (at the time he was editor of Crime & Conflict), 6 March 2001 at the University of Natal, Durban.

  90. Ibid.

  91. Ibid.

  92. Interview #7 with Former Prisoner, 16 March 2001 at the University of Natal, Durban.

  93. UNDP, op cit, p 50.

  94. Carelse, op cit, p 7.

  95. Interview #10, op cit.

  96. Drawn from the results of a prisoner study and reported in detail in KC Goyer, HIV/AIDS in South Africa: A Policy Analysis, submitted for Master’s degree, University of Natal, Durban, June 2001.

  97. Neser, op cit, p 24.

  98. Highleyman, op cit, p 1.

  99. Interview #4 with Westville Medium B Social Worker X, 20 April 2001 at Westville Medium B.

  100. Ibid.

  101. Interview #10, op cit.

  102. Interview #8 with Derrick Mdluli, President, South African Prisoners Organisation for Human Rights (SAPOHR), 16 March 2001 at the SAPOHR Durban office.

  103. C Giffard, Out of Step? The Transformation Process in the South African Department of Correctional Sercices, Institute of Criminology, University of Cape Town, 1999, p 36.

  104. AIDS-Linked Deaths in South African Prisons Soar, Agence France Presse, 10/17/00, <www.afp.com>

  105. Interview #6 with Westville Medium B Social Worker Z, 20 April 2001 at Westville Medium B.

  106. T Farren, Worst nightmare: Prison rape, Mail & Guardian, May 19–25, 2000, p 33.

  107. C Greene, HIV positive in Prison: The Shadow of Death Row, October/November 1996, <http://prisonactivist.org/road/outside/cgreene-hiv+row.html>

  108. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 3.

  109. Thomas, op cit, p 97.

  110. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 5.

  111. KC Goyer, HIV/AIDS in South Africa: A Policy Analysis, submitted for Master’s degree, University of Natal, Durban, June 2001.

  112. Thomas, op cit, p 38.

  113. Carelse, op cit, p 27.

  114. Thomas, op cit, p 32.

  115. Moriarity 1999: 2

  116. Interview #7, op cit.

  117. Ibid.

  118. Interview #3 with Westville Medium B Health Staff C, 29 March 2001 at Westville Medium B.

  119. Interview #7, op cit.

  120. Interview #1 with Westville Medium B Health Staff A, 29 March 2001 at Westville Medium B; Interview #2 with Westville Medium B Health Staff B, 29 March 2001 at Westville Medium B; Interview #4, op cit.

  121. Interview #7, op cit.

  122. Good Nutrition May Delay Onset of AIDS, United Press International, San Francisco, 25 October 1993.

  123. Interview #5 with Westville Medium B Social Worker Y, 20 April 2001 at Westville Medium B; Interview #6, op cit.

  124. Interview #5, op cit.

  125. Thomas, op cit, p 97.

  126. Interview #7, op cit.

  127. Ibid.

  128. Interview #4, op cit.

  129. Ibid.

  130. N Haysom, Towards an Understanding of Prison Gangs, Institute of Criminology, University of Cape Town, 1981, p 4.

  131. Interview #10, op cit.

  132. Interview #4, op cit.

  133. Interview #7, op cit.

  134. World Health Organisation (WHO), Guidelines on HIV Infection and AIDS in Prisons. Geneva, March 1993.

  135. UNAIDS, Statement to the UN Commission on Human Rights, April 1996.

  136. PJJ Pienaar, AIDS and the Criminal Justice Officer, Acta Criminologica, 2(1), 1989, p 89.

  137. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 4.

  138. Neser, op cit, p 28.

  139. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 4.

  140. Thomas, op cit, p 52.

  141. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 3.

  142. Thomas, op cit, p 34.

  143. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 4.

  144. Ibid, p 3.

  145. WHO, op cit, p 27.

  146. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 7.

  147. JA Jacquez, JS Koopman, CP Simon, IM Longini, Role of the primary infection in epidemics of HIV infection in gay cohorts, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 7(1169–1184), 1994, p 1169.

  148. PL Vernazza, JJ Eron, SA Fiscus, MS Cohen, Sexual Transmission of HIV: infectiousness and prevention, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 13(155–166), 1999, p 157.

  149. Thomas, op cit, p 36.

  150. Carelse, op cit, p 13.

  151. Ibid, p 14.

  152. J Van Heerden, Prison Health Care in South Africa, University of Cape Town, 1996, p 2.

  153. Carelse, op cit, p 12.

  154. Carelse, op cit, p 14.

  155. Carelse, op cit, p 15.

  156. Scottish Prison Service (SPS), HIV/AIDS in Prison, SPS Occasional Papers Report No 1, 1994, p 36.

  157. Jolofani, op cit, p 7.

  158. UNAIDS Technical Update, HIV/AIDS in Prison, UNAIDS, 1997, p 2.

  159. Highleyman, op cit, p 3.

  160. S Shaw, Sex, Drugs, and the Fight Against AIDS, Prison Report, Issue No 32, 1999, p 1.

  161. UNAIDS Technical Update, op cit, p 5.

  162. R Jürgens, HIV/AIDS in Prison: Final Report, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, Montreal, 1996, p 2.

  163. Ibid.

  164. Ibid.

  165. A Whiteside & C Sunter, AIDS: The Challenge for South Africa, Human & Rousseau, Tafelberg,Cape Town, 2000.

  166. Interview #2, op cit.

  167. V Stern (ed), Sentenced to Die? The problem of TB in prisons in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, International Centre for Prison Studies, Kings College, London, 1999, p 17.

  168. Thomas, op cit, p 88.

  169. Ibid, p 35.

  170. Ibid, p 36.

  171. Z Achmat, and M Heywood, The Weakest Amongst Us: Managing HIV in South African Prisons, Imbizo, Issue 2, 1996, p 13.

  172. Department of Correctional Services, Handling Strategy: AIDS in Prisons, Pretoria, 1992, p 2.

  173. ASSA, op cit.

  174. Department of Correctional Services, Handling Strategy: AIDS in Prisons, Pretoria, 1992, p 4.

  175. Ibid, p 2.

  176. Ibid, p 5.

  177. Giffard, op cit, p 41.

  178. Department of Correctional Services, White Paper on the Policy of the Department of Correcional Services in the New South Africa, Pretoria, October 1994, p 8.

  179. Ibid, p 10.

  180. Department of Correctional Services, Management Strategy: AIDS in Prisons: Desegregation of Prisoners with AIDS/HIV, Pretoria, 17 May 1996.

  181. Ibid.

  182. Department of Correctional Services, Management Strategy: AIDS in Prisons: Provision of Condoms to the Prison Population, Pretoria, 17 May 1996.

  183. Ibid.

  184. Ibid.

  185. Ibid.

  186. Ibid.

  187. Department of Correctional Services, Management Strategy: AIDS in Prisons: Desegregation of Prisoners with AIDS/HIV, Pretoria, 17 May 1996.

  188. Department of Correctional Services, Management Strategy: AIDS in Prisons: Provision of Condoms to the Prison Population, Pretoria, 17 May 1996.

  189. Department of Correctional Services, Management Strategy: AIDS in Prisons: Desegregation of Prisoners with AIDS/HIV, Pretoria, 17 May 1996.

  190. Interview #3, op cit.

  191. Interview #1, op cit.

  192. Ibid.

  193. Department of Correctional Services, Management Strategy: AIDS in Prisons: Desegregation of Prisoners with AIDS/HIV, Pretoria, 17 May 1996.

  194. Ibid, p 10.

  195. Interview #1, op cit.

  196. Ibid.

  197. Department of Correctional Services, Management Strategy: AIDS in Prisons: Provision of Condoms to the Prison Population, Pretoria, 17 May 1996, p 1.

  198. Ibid.

  199. KC Goyer, HIV/AIDS in South Africa: A Policy Analysis, submitted for Master’s degree, University of Natal, Durban, June 2001.

  200. Interview #2, op cit.

  201. R Jürgens, HIV/AIDS in Prison: Final Report, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, Montreal, 1996, p 2.

  202. Moriarty and Fields, op cit, p 5.

  203. PW v The Minister of Correctional Services, 1997.

  204. Ibid.

  205. PW v The Minister of Correctional Services, 1998.

  206. PW v The Minister of Correctional Services, 1997.

  207. Department of Correctional Services, Management Strategy: AIDS in Prisons: Desegregation of Prisoners with AIDS/HIV, Pretoria, 17 May 1996, pp 6–7.

  208. Department of Correctional Services, Official Statistics, Pretoria, June 2000.

  209. Interview #1, op cit.

  210. Interview #5, op cit.

  211. Interview #4, op cit.

  212. Ibid.

  213. WHO, op cit, p 9.

  214. Interview #4, op cit.

  215. Ibid.

  216. Interview #2, op cit.

  217. Interview #4, op cit.

  218. Office of the Inspecting Judge, Annual Report 2000: Prisons and Prisoners, op cit, p 17.

  219. Interview #11 with Chris Giffard, Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR) (at the time of the interview working for Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation), 7 March 2001 at Pollsmoor Prison, Western Cape.

  220. UNAIDS Technical Update, op cit, p 4.

  221. V Stern (ed), Sentenced to Die? The problem of TB in prisons in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, op cit, p 21.

  222. Thomas, op cit, p 36.

  223. Carelse, op cit, p 13.

  224. Ibid, p 14.

  225. Ibid, p 12.

  226. Carelse, op cit, p 14.

  227. Ibid, p 15.

  228. Achmat and Heywood, op cit.

  229. Giffard, op cit.

  230. Ibid.

  231. Department of Correctional Services, Official Statistics, Pretoria, February 2001.

  232. T Hammett, Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases in Correctional Settings: An Opportunity Not Yet Seized, HIV Education Prison Project (HEPP) News, Brown University, 1999, p 1.