NOTES

Published in Monograph No 81, March 2003

'Volk' Faith and Fatherland
The Security Threat Posed by the White Right

Martin Schönteich and Henri Boshoff


  1. R Scruton, A Dictionary of Political Thought, Pan Books, London, 1983, p 408.

  2. D L Sills (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, The Macmillan Co. & The Free Press, Vol 13, p 298.

  3. A Vincent, Modern Political Ideologies, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1994, p 158.

  4. Ibid, p 159.

  5. Ibid, p 163.

  6. J Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, I B Tauris Publishers, London, 1994, pp 2–3.

  7. H Zille, The right wing in South African politics, in: P L Berger and B Godsell (eds), A Future South Africa. Visions, Strategies and Realities, Human & Rousseau/Tafelberg, Cape Town, 1988, p 65.

  8. A D Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981, pp 19–20.

  9. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, pp 62–63.

  10. H Adam and K Moodley, The Negotiated Revolution. Society and Politics in Post-Apartheid South Africa, Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg, 1993, p 154.

  11. See W J de Kock, The Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902, in: C F J Muller (ed.), 500 Years. A History of South Africa, Academica, Pretoria, 1981, pp 328–361.

  12. For a personal account of the guerrilla war written by a young Boer see: D Reitz, Commando. A Boer journal of the Boer War, Faber and Faber, London, 1983.

  13. No author, Die uitdaging aan die Afrikanervolk en die rol van die HNP as die verteenwoordiger van Afrikaner-Nasionalisme, <http://www.hnp.org.za/Afrkns/ vrae/uitdagng.htm>, paragraph 6, p 1 (15 November 2002); no author, Moes hy opstand deur BKA verhoed? Constand Viljoen Uitgedaag, <http://www.hnp. org.za/Afrkns/viljoen/viljoen.htm>, (17 December 2002).

  14. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 43.

  15. Ibid, p 8.

  16. Ibid, p 9.

  17. No author, Patriot, 3 August 1990, cited in: J Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 44.

  18. See G C Visser, OB Traitors or Patriots?, Macmillan South Africa, Johannesburg, 1976.

  19. M de Witt Dippenaar, The History of the South African Police 1913 – 1988, Promedia Publications, Silverton, 1988, p 173.

  20. H Adam, The Ultra-Right in South Africa, Optima, Marshalltown, 1987, p 42.

  21. P J Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika. The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 1991, pp 201–218.

  22. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, pp 15–16.

  23. Van Tonder left the National Party in 1961. See M Pabst, Drama Südafrika. Ein Spiel mit fünf Akteuren, vielen Statisten und einem offenen Ende, Verlagsgemeinschaft Anarche, München, 1993, p 248.

  24. R Van Tonder, Boerestaat, Boerestaat Party, Randburg, 1990 (English translation), p 65.

  25. See J H P Serfontein, Die Verkrampte Aanslag, Human & Rousseau, Pretoria and Cape Town, 1970, pp 118–218. For more information on the HNP see their website <http://www.hnp.org.za> (15 November 2002).

  26. H Kotzé and A Greyling, Political organisations in South Africa, Tafelberg Publishers, Cape Town, 1991, p 113.

  27. B M Schoeman, Vorster se 1 000 Dae, Human & Russeau, Cape Town, 1974, p 183, as cited in: Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 19.

  28. Ibid, p 20.

  29. Kotzé and Greyling, op cit, p 114.

  30. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 18.

  31. Ibid, p 92.

  32. Ibid, p 150.

  33. Such a conspiratorial worldview is not unique to the white right in South Africa but is common to most radical right wing philosophies throughout the world. For an USA version of the conspiracy theory see, for example, G Allen, None dare call it conspiracy, Concord Press, Seal Beach, 1971. See also: R Gillette, The Illuminati Page, <http://members.tripod.com/~RobertGillette/Illuminati.html>, (14 December 2002); M Fagan, Thirst for Justice. Satanic Plot for a One World Government, <http://www.prolognet.qc.ca/clyde/illumin.htm>, (17 December 2002); T Melanson, Illuminati conspiracy archive, <http://www.conspiracyarchive.com/>, (17 December 2002).

  34. D Griffin, Fourth Reich of the Rich, Emissary Publications, South Pasadena, 1979, p 88.

  35. P J Pretorius, $ell-Out! The truth behind the history of South African politics, (published by the author), (no place), 1997, p 16.

  36. No author, The Conspiracy against South Africa, Think Right, Link Hills, 1989, p 6.

  37. A Kemp, Victory or Violence: The story of the AWB, Forma Publishers, Pretoria, 1990, p 5.

  38. P W Bingle, AWB. Program van beginsels, Afrikaner-Weerstandsbeweging, Pretoria, (undated), p 16.

  39. No author, AWB. Basic principles, Afrikaner-Weerstandsbeweging, Pretoria, (undated).

  40. Kemp, op cit, pp 42–57.

  41. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 65.

  42. Ibid, p 123.

  43. S Bekker and J Grobbelaar, The white rightwing movement in South Africa: Before and after the May 1987 election, in D J van Vuuren et al (eds), South African election 1987, Owen Burgess Publishers, Pinetown, 1987, pp 67–68.

  44. G Evans, Less than half of Afrikaners voted for Nats, Weekly Mail, 15 September 1989.

  45. Zille, op cit, p 59.

  46. C Cooper, et al, Race Relations Survey 1992/93, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 1993, pp 445–446.

  47. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 150.

  48. M Ottaway, The March 1992 Referendum, in: H Kitchen and J C Kitchen (eds), South Africa. Twelve Perspectives on the Transition, The Washington Papers 165, 1994, p 165.

  49. J Grobbelaar, S Bekker and R Evans, Vir Volk en Vaderland. A Guide to the White Right, Indicator SA, Durban, 1989, p 47.

  50. Adam and Moodley, op cit, p 151.

  51. Ibid, p 152.

  52. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 71.

  53. J van Rooyen, The White Right, in: A Reynolds (ed.), Election ’94 South Africa. The campaigns, results and future prospects, David Philip, Claremont, 1994, p 89.

  54. The Afrikaner Volksfront’s ‘Committee of Generals’ comprised General Viljoen; General Mike Geldenhuys, a former Commissioner of Police; General Kobus Visser, ex-South African Police; and Generals Tienie Groenewald and Dries Bischoff, both former army generals.

  55. P Stiff, Warfare by Other Means. South Africa in the 1980s and 1990s, Galago, Alberton, 2001, p 537.

  56. No author, Patriot, 4 June 1993, cited in: Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 193.

  57. B Sass, The Might of the Right, African Defence Review 15, 1994, <http://www. issafrica.org/Pubs/ASR/ADR15/Sass.html>, p 2 (17 November 2002).

  58. Adam and Moodley, op cit, p 155.

  59. Stiff, op cit, p 545.

  60. G Kruger, Denksprong vir die regse beweging in Suid-Afrika, Centre for Dynamic Leadership, Pretoria, 1995, p 149.

  61. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 198.

  62. Ibid, pp 208–209.

  63. Stiff, op cit, p 544.

  64. E Sidiropoulos, et al, Race Relations Survey 1994/95, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 1995, p 127.

  65. A Kemp, Vuur en Verraad. Die AWB in Bophuthatswana, Volsung Uitgewers, Johannesburg, 1994.

  66. H Hamann, Days of the Generals. The untold story of South Africa’s apartheid-era military generals, Zebra Press, Cape Town, 2001, p 211.

  67. Stiff, op cit, p 546.

  68. J A Marais, Piet Gous moet antwoord oor IDASA, Die Afrikaner, 21 March 1997; No author, Swart bewussyn, Die Afrikaner, 20 September 2002.

  69. No author, Sunday Times, 13 March 1994, as cited in: Reynolds (ed.), op cit, p 96.

  70. No author, Biggest bombs in South Africa’s history, Eye on South Africa 1, May 1994, p 1. See also: No author, The Boers Strike Back! The true story of Boer resistance to the ANC takeover in South Africa, <http://www.stormfront. org/boers.htm>, (29 November 2002).

  71. The TRC was established in December 1995. Its main purpose was to foster reconciliation in South Africa by revealing the truth about killings and other gross violations of human rights committed on all sides between March 1960 (the month of the Sharpeville massacre) and May 1994.

  72. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Vol. 5, 1998, pp 236–237, as cited in: H Forgey, et al, South Africa Survey 1999/2000, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 1999, p 352.

  73. Forgey, op cit, p 359.

  74. E Sidiropoulos, et al, South Africa Survey 1996/97, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 1997, pp 595–596.

  75. Ibid, p 594.

  76. De Witt Dippenaar, op cit, pp 617–619.

  77. See: (no author), Imperial Klans of South Africa, <http://www.kkk.net/ southafrica/index.htm>, (15 November 2002).

  78. Kotzé and Greyling, op cit, pp 72–73.

  79. Van Rooyen, The White Right, op cit, p 97.

  80. No author, Cape Times, 25 April 1994, as cited in: Reynolds (ed.), op cit, p 97.

  81. P Waldmeir, Anatomy of a Miracle. The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa, Penguin Books, London, 1997, p 239.

  82. H Giliomee, J Myburg and L Schlemmer, Dominant Party Rule, Opposition Parties and Minorities in South Africa. Report of the proceedings of a conference hosted on 28–30 June 2000 at Kariega Game Reserve by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Department of Political Studies at Rhodes University, p 40.

  83. Van Rooyen, The White Right, op cit, p 98.

  84. Ibid, p 103.

  85. Ibid.

  86. E Sidiropoulos, South Africa Survey 1995/96, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 1996, p 451.

  87. Ibid, p 452.

  88. Ibid, pp 456–457.

  89. Sidiropoulos, et al, South Africa Survey 1996/97, op cit, pp 549–550.

  90. Section 31, Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act no. 108 of 1996.

  91. Sidiropoulos, et al, South Africa Survey 1996/97, op cit, p 595.

  92. Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities Act no. 19 of 2002. The Act came into effect on November 2002.

  93. Forgey, et al, op cit, p 542.

  94. Ibid, p 541.

  95. J Basson, Cassie Aucamp kry op sy baadjie, Die Afrikaner, 6 December 2002, <http://www.hnp.org.za/afrikaner/desember06/nuus3.htm>, (18 December 2002).

  96. No author, KP weer besig met nuwe foefies oor ‘eenheid’, Die Afrikaner, 10 August 2001, <http://www.hnp.org.za/afrikaner/augus10/nuus1.htm>, (15 November 2002).

  97. J Maluleke, New party for Afrikaner, The Citizen, 24 June 2002.

  98. C Phahlane, Symbolism is old, but Afrikaner party has new ideas, The Star, 4 October 2002; J Basson, Cassie Aucamp kry op sy baadjie, op cit.

  99. No author, New party dismissed as ‘the poor man’s NNP’, The Star, 25 June 2002.

  100. No author, Redaksioneel, Storm, June–August 2002, <http://www.awb.co.za/ storm_a_1_junaug02.htm>, (18 December 2002).

  101. Zille, op cit, p 61.

  102. Smith, op cit, p 69.

  103. Zille, op cit, p 70.

  104. A Swart (ed.), …en hier is nou ons nuwe Boerevolkstaat, Oranjewerkers Promosies, Pretoria, 1985, p 17.

  105. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 47.

  106. No author, Boerevolk Veronreg, Storm, Aug–Sept 2001, <http://www.awb. co.za/storm_a_2_augsept01.htm>, p 2 (18 December 2002). Translated from the Afrikaans by the authors.

  107. For a fairly general pro-partitionist discussion see I J van der Walt, Partisie…enigste uitweg vir Suid-Afrika, Universum Uitgewers, Potchefstroom, 1991.

  108. R F A Hoernlé, South African Native Policy and the Liberal Spirit, Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 1945, pp 168–178. See also P N Malherbe, Multistan: A Way Out of the South African Dilemma, David Philip, Cape Town, 1974.

  109. K von der Ropp and J Blenck, Republik Südafrika: Teilung oder Ausweg?, Aussenpolitik 27(3), 1976, pp 308–324; K von der Ropp, Is Territorial Partition a Strategy for Peaceful Change in South Africa?, International Affairs Bulletin 3(1), June 1979, pp 36–47; K von der Ropp, Afrikaner-Israel kan ‘n tweede Lebanon verhoed, Vrye Weekblad, 27 October 1989.

  110. Scruton, op cit, p 345.

  111. E Lourens and H Kotzé, South Africa’s non-unitary political alternatives, in: A Venter (ed.), South African Government and Politics, Southern Book Publishers, Johannesburg, 1989, p 296.

  112. Ibid.

  113. A Du Pisani, Partisie, in: D J van Vuuren and D J Kriek (eds), Politieke alternatiewe vir Suider-Afrika: Grondslae and perspektiewe, Macmillan, Johannesburg, 1982, p 238. For a pro-secessionist argument in a South African context see A W G Raath, Selfbeskikking en Sessessie. Die Saak vir die Afrikanervolk, Afrikanervryheidstigting, (no place), 1990.

  114. G Babb, Scrambling the egg. Partition and secession in Africa’s conflicts, Southern Africa Special Dispatch 3(8), August/September 1990, p 12.

  115. Smith, op cit, p 136.

  116. Adam and Moodley, op cit, p 151.

  117. Van Tonder, op cit, pp 91–95.

  118. Lourens and Kotzé, op cit, p 300.

  119. Van Tonder, op cit, pp 74–89.

  120. Ibid, p 77.

  121. No author, Boerevolk Veronreg, Storm, Aug–Sept 2001, <http://www.awb. co.za/storm_a_2_augsept01.htm>, p 2 (18 December 2002).

  122. D Guise, Freedom for All. The Orange River Proposals, No publisher, Auckland, 1993, pp 160–161.

  123. C W H Boshoff, C J Jooste, M R Marais and D J Viljoen, Die Volkstaat as Afrikanerbestemming, SABRA, Pretoria, 1989, p 65.

  124. J de Vos, Die Volkstaat as alternatief vir die polities-staatkundige herstrukturering van Suid-Afrika, unpublished MA thesis, University of the Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, 1990, pp 215–216.

  125. No author, Die Volkstaat en die gebiedsaanduidings daarvoor, Vryheidstrek, Elsburg, 1991, pp 26–41.

  126. Zille, op cit, p 62.

  127. Ibid.

  128. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 81.

  129. Kotzé and Greyling, op cit, pp 196–197.

  130. No author, Vryheidsfront Beleid. Dertig stellings oor die Afrikaner in ‘n eie grondgebied, <http://www.vryheidsfront.co.za/a/beleid_watisvolkstaat.asp>, (15 November 2002).

  131. See, for example, A P Treurnicht, Credo van ‘n Afrikaner, Tafelberg Publishers, Cape Town, 1975, pp 6–11.

  132. G Leach, The Afrikaners. Their Last Great Trek, Southern Book Publishers, Johannesburg, 1989, p 113.

  133. Grobbelaar, Bekker and Evans, op cit, p 37.

  134. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 38.

  135. J H P Serfontein, Brotherhood of Power: An Expose of the Secret Afrikaner Broederbond, Rex Collings Ltd., London, 1979, p 29.

  136. Kotzé and Greyling, op cit, pp 89–91.

  137. M C Adendorff, Kleurlinggesin weggewys by APK erediens, Die Kerpad 5(5), September 2001, <http://home.mweb.co.za/ke/kerkpad/sept2001/art1.html>, (19 November 2002).

  138. No author, Die verkiesingsuitslag… wat nou? Territoriale staatseenheid, Die Kerkpad 3(4), July 1999, <http://home.mweb.co.za/ke/kerkpad/mei99/index. html>, (19 November 2002).

  139. No author, Die Burger, 20 August 1990, cited in: Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 190 (Van Rooyen’s translation).

  140. A Snyman, Voice of a prophet, Vaandel Publishers, Mossel Bay, 1999.

  141. Ibid, p 210.

  142. Ibid, p 175.

  143. Ibid, p 244.

  144. Ibid, p 190.

  145. Ibid, p 213.

  146. Ibid, p 241.

  147. Ibid, p 334.

  148. Ibid, p 221.

  149. Ibid, pp 258–259.

  150. Ibid, pp 327–328.

  151. A Snyman and A Snyman, Waarskuwing 2000, Vaandel Uitgewers, Mossel Bay, 1999, p 9.

  152. Snyman, op cit, p 238.

  153. Ibid, p 241.

  154. Ibid, p 259.

  155. Ibid, pp 264–265.

  156. Ibid, p 208.

  157. The religious movement referred to as ‘Israel Identity’ in this monograph is known as ‘Christian Identity’ in the United States. The authors believe this to be a misnomer as ‘Christian Identity’ followers focus on the Old Testament and have little in common with Christianity. See, B Radford, Hating in the Name of God, <http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/aah/radford_10_3.htm>, (27November 2002).

  158. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 38.

  159. No author, Gebeurlikheidsplan, no date, p 8.

  160. No author, What is Christian Identity? Also known as Israel Identity or British Israelism, <http://www.cryaloud.com/christian_identity_british_israel.htm>, p 3, (15 November 2002).

  161. No author, Doctrinal statement of beliefs, <http://www.kkkk.net/doctrinalstatement.htm>, p 2, (15 November 2002).

  162. Ibid.

  163. E de Waal and B Tolmay, Die Wit Teologie. Quo Vadis?, Anrics Uitgewers, Arcadia, 1991, p 4.

  164. No author, What is Christian Identity? Also known as Israel Identity or British Israelism, op cit, p 3.

  165. Ibid.

  166. J Malan, Israelvisiedwaling Ontmasker, <http://www.bibleguide.com/old/articles/afrikaans/israelvisie.htm>, p 2, (19 November 2002).

  167. Ibid, p 3.

  168. See, for example: (No author), Anglo-Israelism; British Israelism; Worldwide Church of God, <http://www.religioustolerance.org/anglo_is.htm>, (15 November 2002); (No author), The Church of the Sons of YHVH, <http://www.churchofthesonsofyhvh.org/>, (15 November 2002); (No author), Esau/Edom, and the Trail of the Serpent, <http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/bb980909.htm>, (15 November 2002).

  169. No author, Doctrinal statement of beliefs, <http://www.kkkk.net/doctrinalstatement.htm>, p 3, (15 November 2002).

  170. Ibid.

  171. Malan, Israelvisiedwaling Ontmasker, op cit, p 1.

  172. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 88.

  173. No author, The Order and the Phineas Priesthood, <http://www.adl.org/backgrounders/an_phineas.asp>, (27 November 2002).

  174. S van Eck, Thoughts on the Aphineas Priesthood, <http://www.deism.com/ phineas_priests.htm>, (27 November 2002).

  175. See also De Waal and Tolmay, op cit, p 6. In some biblical translations ‘beyond the rivers of Ethiopia’ is also referred to as ‘beyond the rivers of Cush’. Cush or Kush is thought to be the upper Nile region. See Holy Bible, New International Version, Bible Society of South Africa, Cape Town, 1986, Zephaniah 3:10. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary, Bloomsbury Publishing, 1999, Cush is a region of north-eastern Africa thought to be where the descendants of Cush settled. It is roughly equivalent to modern Ethiopia, part of northern Sudan, and southern Egypt. Cush was the oldest son of Ham and brother of Canaan (Genesis 10:6).

  176. W G Finlay, The bounds of the nation, Federation of the Covenant People, Johannesburg, 1962, pp 5–6 and 25.

  177. Ibid, p 30.

  178. Ibid, pp 33–34.

  179. In his book Strydom reveals his belief in the Israel Identity doctrine. See B Strydom, Barend Strydom die Wit Wolf. ‘n Belydenis, Vaandel-Uitgewers, Mosselbay, 1997, pp 51–52.

  180. Van Rooyen, Hard Right. The New White Power in South Africa, op cit, p 97.

  181. S Sole, The making of an AWB killer, Sunday Tribune, 17 March 1991.

  182. S Carstens, Man wat bom plant wil appél begin teen sy vonnis, Beeld, 4 November 2002.

  183. N Mulder, Kritzinger borgappel geweier, Beeld, 1 October 2002; No author, Police obtain recording of bus attack suspect, Panafrican News Agency, 11 August 2000; I de Lange, Bus gunman psychotic?, The Citizen, 4 February 2003.

  184. P Honey, Terrorism & the right wing. No sudden revival, Financial Mail, 8 November 2002, <http://free.financialmail.co.za/cgi-bin/pp-print.pl>, (27 November 2002).

  185. No author, Willem Ratte convicted for 1997 sabotage, Daily Dispatch, 17 February 2001.

  186. No author, Willem Ratte and 11 others arrested for alleged weapons theft, SAPA, 10 February 1997.

  187. No author, Court hears of bizarre rightwing plot to take over the country, SAPA, 8 May 2001. The four men charged with the weapons haul are Marius Swanepoel, brothers Hendrik and Petrus du Preez and Nicolaas Kirsten.

  188. A Maykuth, A white plot for race war was far-fetched, but some believed, The Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 May 2001. No author, Tempe accused tells of plot to kill Mbeki, Daily Dispatch, 29 May 2001.

  189. No author, Court hears of bizarre rightwing plot to take over the country, SAPA, 8 May 2001.

  190. No author, Johan Niemoller interview by Fred Rundle, Freedom 2000, <http://home.global.co.za/~rundle/johann.html>, (15 November 2002).

  191. R Munusamy, Foiled!, Sunday Times, 7 April 2002; N Davids and M Schmidt, The dossier of doom, Sunday Times, 18 August 2002.

  192. E de Klerk, Regse sê Vaaldam was op die agenda. ‘Mense moes Siener verkeerd verstaan het’, Beeld, 17 January 2003.

  193. J Rantao and C Hooper-Box, Rightwingers had water poison plan, Sunday Tribune, 24 November 2002.

  194. J Seepe, NIA boss warns of bombs in December, News24.com, 16 November 2002.

  195. M Schönteich, The power to disrupt, Mail & Guardian, 20 September 2002.

  196. The three arrested SANDF officers are Col. Machiel Burger (46) of Lohatlha, Lt.Col. Jacques Olivier (32) of Pretoria, and Maj. Pieter van Deventer (38) of Bloemfontein.

  197. E Momberg, FW de Klerk ‘was bought’, The Citizen, 23 August 2002.

  198. H Otto, Hunt for Boeremag ‘coup plotters’, Pretoria News, 10 September 2002.

  199. H Otto, Planned military-style coup not mere ‘brandy and coke talk’, Pretoria News, 20 August 2002.

  200. R Munusamy, Foiled!, op cit.

  201. S van Niekerk, Right-wing coup plotters held, News24.com, 6 April 2002.

  202. R Munusamy, Foiled!, op cit. The three arrestees are two brothers Michael Teshart du Toit (43) and Andre Tibert du Toit (32), and Jacobus Christoffel (‘Rooikoos’) du Plessis (43).

  203. No author, White supremacists in SA court, BBC News, 8 April 2002.

  204. R Munusamy, Summit bomb plot foiled, Sunday Times, 8 September 2002.

  205. S Sole and S Brümmer, The rise of the Boer al-Qaeda, Mail & Guardian, 1 November 2002.

  206. C Thompson, ‘Boer rebels’ foiled, The Citizen, 16 September 2002; R Munusamy, Right wing targets premier, Sunday Times, 15 September 2002; D Schuettler, S. Africa police arrest fugitives in extremist plot, Reuters News Service, 20 September 2002.

  207. C Thompson, ‘Boer rebels’ foiled, op cit.

  208. Ibid.

  209. M le Roux, Mandela slams right-wing plot, Pretoria News, 18 September 2002.

  210. B Naidu, We take great pleasure in inviting you to our civil war, Sunday Times Metro, 29 September 2002.

  211. Snyman, op cit, p 259.

  212. Ibid, pp 264–265.

  213. C F J Muller (ed), 500 Years. A History of South Africa, Academica, Pretoria, 1981, pp 400–401.

  214. Snyman, op cit, p 76.

  215. Ibid, p 79.

  216. E Momberg, Breakthrough in coup plot, The Citizen, 5 October 2002.

  217. B Beukman and V Keppler, Regse ‘terroriste’ kan nie staatsgreep uitvoer, Naweek-Beeld, 5 October 2002.

  218. No author, White supremacists in SA court, BBC News, 8 April 2002.

  219. R Rose and B Ngqiyaza, Mbeki puts blame for bombing on right wing, Business Day, 31 October 2002; No author, Night torn by blasts, Sowetan, 31 October 2002.

  220. The authors would like to thank the historian Dr Martin Pabst for pointing out these historical Anglo-Boer War days.

  221. T Pakenham, The Boer War, Futura Publications, London, 1988, pp 154–155.

  222. Ibid, p 536.

  223. J Carlin, Bizarre fantasy of the ‘Karoo Klux Klan’, Cape Times, 8 November 2002.

  224. Rose and Ngqiyaza, Mbeki puts blame for bombing on right wing, op cit.

  225. E Momberg, Boere threats ‘serious’, The Citizen, 12 November 2002.

  226. Ibid.

  227. No author, Right-wing Xmas bomb plot, The Citizen, 9 December 2002.

  228. J Seepe, NIA boss warns of bombs in December, News24.com, 16 November 2002.

  229. S Kilman, Fertilizer used in McVeigh bomb is still sold with no restrictions, The Wall Street Journal, 3 October 2001.

  230. No author, Bomb blast rocks Midrand airport, Pretoria News, 25 November 2002.

  231. No author, Bomb goes off in KZN, SAPA, 28 November 2002.

  232. A de Beer, White right warns blood may flow, The Citizen, 30 November 2002.

  233. R Munusamy, More rightwingers held after raids on farms, Sunday Times, 1 December 2002.

  234. E Momberg, Hopper raids hit white right homes, The Citizen, 7 December 2002; No author, More right-wingers’ homes raided, sabcnews.com, 6 December 2002.

  235. No author, Top cops’ names on right-wing list, Independent Online, 10 December 2002.

  236. L Venter, Soweto bomb suspects bust, The Citizen, 12 December 2002.

  237. R Munusamy, How police nailed right-wing suspects, Sunday Times, 15 December 2002.

  238. R Munusamy, Arrests thwart Bollywood concert bombing, Sunday Times, 29 December 2002.

  239. H Otto, Boeremag doesn’t care ‘who dies’, Pretoria News, 31 January 2003.

  240. C Hills, Right-wing campaign to disrupt bomb trials, The Citizen, 14 March 2003.

  241. The document refers to the World Trade Centre as being the place where the Illuminati is headquartered. The World Trade Centre was destroyed in a terror attack on 11 September 2001. The document also refers to Janet Reno as the ‘previous’ attorney general of the United States. Janet Reno lost her position as US attorney general with the end of the Clinton administration in November 2000.

  242. Snyman, op cit, pp 327–328.

  243. Ibid, pp 258–259.

  244. Ibid, pp 238 and 241.

  245. Ibid, p 265.

  246. A rune is a character in any of several ancient Germanic alphabets used from about the 3rd to the 13th centuries. The earliest Anglo-Saxon texts and inscriptions were written in runes.

  247. The document names Eugene de Kock (apartheid-era commander of a Security Police counter-terrorism unit); Clive Derby-Lewis and Janus Walus (convicted for the murder of SA Communist Party leader Chris Hani); Willem Ratte (leader of the Pretoria Boerekommando and ex 32-Battalion major); and Koper Myburgh and Cliffie Barnard (alleged members of the Boere Aanvals Troepe convicted of murder and sabotage for setting off two bombs at a Worcester shopping centre, killing four Coloured shoppers and injuring 60, on Christmas Eve 1996).

  248. No author, Aesir, <http://www.timelessmyths.com/norse/aesir.html_Odin>, (18 December 2002).

  249. Oswald the Runemaker, OTHILA. The Rune of Acquisition, <http://www.runemaker.com/futhark/othila.shtml>, (18 December 2002).

  250. No author, Odal, <http://hemsidor.torget.se/users/r/runloke/en/odal.html>, (18 December 2002).

  251. No author, Germanic Futhark Runes, <http://web2.iadfw.net/davegers/runes. htm>, (18 December 2002).

  252. No author, Jaap Marais. Die mens en politieke leier, Herstigte Nasionale Party, Pretoria, 1985, p 7.

  253. No author, Hate On Display: A visual database of extremist symbols, logos and tattoos, <http://www.adl.org/hate_symbols/racist_odin_rune.asp>, (16 September 2002).

  254. E Maluleke, Wanted dangerous minds, SAPA, 21 September 2002.

  255. See J Fairbairn, Revolutionary Guerrilla Warfare, Pelican Books, Ringwood, 1974.

  256. Interview with South African intelligence official, May 2002.

  257. See H Boshoff, A Botha and M Schönteich, Fear in the City. Urban Terrorism in South Africa, ISS Monograph Series 63, September 2001.

  258. Interview with senior SAPS official, November 2002.

  259. G Gifford and H Otto, Right-wing purge in state forces. Minister reveals plot to plunge country into race war, The Star, 1 November 2002.

  260. According to a national survey conducted in 1999, a total of over a third (34.6%) of white Afrikaans speaking respondents said they were: definitely leaving the country (2.4%); considering emigration (5.3%); or would leave if they could (26.9%). See R W Johnson, How to use that huge majority, Focus 16, November 1999, <http://www.hsf.org.za/focus_16/f16Election_survey.html>, (17 January 2003).

  261. Interview, Z B du Toit, November 1986, as cited in Zille, op cit, p 91.

  262. R Williams, Are the right-wing coup plotters just tilting at windmills?, Pretoria News, 11 October 2002.

  263. Zille, op cit, p 92.

  264. No author, No choice but to back Boeremag: ex-soldiers, The Citizen, 3 December 2002; F Rundle, Freedom fighters or terrorists?, The Citizen, 9 October 2002; J Basson, Histerie oor Boeremag grens aan paniek, Die Afrikaner, 29 November 2002.

  265. M du Preez, Seeds of right-wing violence are buried in real fears, The Star, 31 October 2002.

  266. See J Battersby, No sympathy for terrorists in modern SA, but why did they do it?, Sunday Independent, 3 November 2002; G Wannenburg, Marginalisation of right helps it recruit for terror. Address right-wing concerns before support for extremists grows, Sunday Independent, 3 November 2002.

  267. L Schlemmer, Race relations and racism in everyday life, Fast Facts 9, September 2001, <http://www.sairr.org.za/publications/pub/ff/200109/life.htm>, (16 January 2003).

  268. M Sekhonyane and A Louw, Violent Justice. Vigilantism and the state’s response, ISS Monograph Series 72, April 2002, p 36.

  269. C Thompson, Militant farmers’ myth, The Citizen, 2 April 2001.

  270. For a detailed analysis of the phenomenon of farm attacks in South Africa see: M Schönteich and J Steinberg, Attacks on farms and smallholdings. An evaluation of the rural protection plan, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, 2000.

  271. L Oelofse, Bela-Bela: a town where still waters run deep. Rightwing sentiments flourish, Pretoria News, 15 November 2002.

  272. E Sidiropoulos et al, South Africa Survey 1997/98, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 1998, p 510.

  273. Ibid, p 512.

  274. E Momberg, Stop Afrikaner massacre – FF, The Citizen, 20 July 2001.

  275. Ibid.

  276. P Laurence, Struggle for land, a crucial new chapter, Focus 28, 4th Quarter 2002, p 6.

  277. A Callinicos, South Africa after Apartheid, International Socialism 70, March 1996, <http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj70/safrica.htm>, (16 January 2003).

  278. No author, Soothing words from Mbeki, The Herald, 21 June 2001.

  279. S Motale, TAU backs FF on hate speech issue, The Citizen, 24 January 2003.

  280. S Motale, Kill the Boer slogan ‘is not hate speech’, The Citizen, 17 December 2002.

  281. No author, Action: Stop farm attacks, <http://www.tlu.co.za/AKSIE%20STOP% 20PLAASAANVALLE.htm>, (13 January 2003).

  282. B Manby, Unequal Protection. The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms, Human Rights Watch, New York, 2001, p 145.

  283. J Kane-Berman et al, South Africa Survey 2001/2002, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, 2001, p 213. Note that Statistics South Africa’s ‘expanded definition’ of unemployment is used. That is, the economically active population who have not worked during the last seven days prior to being interviewed; and want to work, and are available to start work within a week of being interviewed.

  284. No author, Solidariteit. Wie is ons?, <http://www.solidarity.co.za/Home/wie. asp>, p 1, (19 November 2002).

  285. D Hermann, Balancing affirmative action. Paper delivered at a South African Defence College symposium on equal opportunities and affirmative action, <http://www.solidarity.co.za/home/content.asp?Parentid=14&ID=179>, (19 November 2002).

  286. Smith, op cit, p 45.

  287. Ibid, pp 45–46.

  288. P J Meyer, Nasionalisme: Die onsigbare vlam, in: F A van Jaarsveld and G D Scholtz (eds), Die Republiek van Suid-Afrika. Agtergrond, Ontstaan en Toekoms, Voortrekker Press, Johannesburg, 1966, p 289 [authors’ translation].

  289. H Giliomee, Surrender without defeat: Afrikaners and the South African ‘miracle’, Spotlight 2/97, October 1997, South African Institute of Race Relations, Johannesburg, p 11.

  290. H Giliomee, The Majority, Minorities and Ex-Nationalities in South Africa and the Proposed Cultural Commission. Report of the proceedings of a Konrad Adenauer Stiftung conference on ‘The Moral Renaissance: Government, Politics, Ethics and Spirituality’, Johannesburg, 3–4 May 2000, p 42.

  291. No author, New language policy for civil service welcomed, SAPA, 4 December 2002.

  292. Giliomee, The Majority, Minorities and Ex-Nationalities in South Africa and the Proposed Cultural Commission, op cit, p 40.

  293. K Macgregor, Afrikaners Object to Enforced English, The Times Higher Education Supplement, 19 July 2002.

  294. Language Policy for Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Pretoria, November 2002, p 12.

  295. Ibid, p 4.

  296. S Motale, School Taal row bubbles, The Citizen, 17 January 2003.

  297. T Cohen and C Benjamin, Is radical right a real threat to SA’s democracy?, Business Day, 7 November 2002.

  298. P Wilkinson, Terrorism and the liberal state, Macmillan Education, London, 1986, pp 127–128.

  299. E Momberg, Police ‘were out of order’, The Citizen, 6 December 2002.

  300. Ibid.

  301. C Hills, Ornamental guns seized in swoop on Derby-Lewis, The Citizen, 30 November 2002.

  302. G Derby-Lewis, No solid evidence, but Right-wing raids continue, The Citizen, 12 December 2002.

  303. No author, Right-wingers get bail after explosives charge, The Citizen, 23 January 2003.

  304. F Ismail and J Battersby, Maps, bombs seized in swoop on rightwingers, Sunday Independent, 1 December 2002.

  305. No author, Nog ‘n regerings-aanslag teen boere?, TAU SA press release, Pretoria, 3 December 2002, <http://www.tlu.co.za/pg16_1_02_49.htm>, (11 December 2002).

  306. M Sithole, Suspect claims torture, Daily News, 25 November 2002.

  307. Ibid.

  308. C Hills, Police beat up sabotage suspects – lawyer, The Citizen, 13 December 2002; H Otto, Rightwingers ‘tortured’ by police, Pretoria News, 24 December 2002; H Otto, Man jailed after secret meeting, Pretoria News, 24 December 2002.

  309. H Otto, Cops are ‘torturing rightwingers’, Pretoria News, 31 January 2003.

  310. Adam and Moodley, op cit, p 149.

  311. R Williams, Are the right-wing coup plotters just tilting at windmills?, Pretoria News, 11 October 2002.

  312. J Rauch, N Levine, M Lue and K Ngubeni, Creating a new South African Police Service: Priorities in the post election period, CSVR Occasional Paper, July 1994.

  313. Smith, op cit, p 10.

  314. R W Johnson, How to use that huge majority, op cit.

  315. Giliomee, Myburg and Schlemmer, op cit, p 39.

  316. Ibid, p 46.

  317. Ibid, p 48.

  318. P Liebenberg, Towards Consolidating Democracy in South Africa, With Special Reference to the Concept of Self-Determination. Report of the proceedings of a workshop conducted by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and the University of Transkei, 18–20 August 1999, Umtata, p 111.

  319. S P Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996, p 57.

  320. Ibid, p 125.

  321. T Homer-Dixon, The Rise of Complex Terrorism, Foreign Policy, January/February 2002.