G. Machel, The impact of war on children, C. Hurst and Co. Ltd, London, 2001, p. 1

A. Twum-Danso, The limits of individualism: What constitutes an effective form of The reintegration and rehabilitation of child soldiers into society after civil war, MSc Development Studies Dissertation, LSE, 2000, p. 1

Machel, op cit, p. 2

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Stop using child soldiers, Radda Barnen, Stockholm, 1998, p. 1

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Global report, 2001

K. Peters and P. Richards, Fighting with open eyes: Youth combatants talking about war in Sierra Leone, in P. Bracken and C. Petty (eds.) Rethinking the trauma of war, Free Association of Books Ltd, London and New York, 1998, p. 76

J. Kuper, International law concerning child civilians in armed conflict, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1997, p. 18

Article 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)

The African Union replaced the Organisation of African Unity in July 2001

Cape Town Annotated Principles and Best Practice on the Prevention of Recruitment of Children into the Armed Forces and Demobilisation and Social Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Africa, adopted on 30th April 1997

R. Brett and M. McCallin, Children: The invisible soldiers, Radda Barnen, Stockholm, 1998, p. 20

A. Honwana, Negotiating post war Identities: Child soldiers in Mozambique and Angola, CODESRIA Bulletin, 1 and 2, 1999, p. 4

Kuper, op cit, p. 13

T.W. Bennett, Using children in armed Conflict: A legitimate African tradition? Criminalizing the recruitment of child soldiers, No. 32, December 1998, Institute of Security Series Monograph Series, p. 1

Ibid.

Honwana, op cit.

R. Brett and M. McCallin, op cit, p. 20

Ibid.

R. Brett, Child soldiers, in In the firing line: war and children’s rights, Amnesty International, London, 1999, p. 58

R. Brett, Causes, consequences and international responses, in E. Bennett, V. Gamba and D. van der Merwe (eds.) ACT against child soldiers in Africa: A reader, Institute of Security Studies, Pretoria, 2000, p. 10

Machel, op. cit, p. 20

M. Wessels, Child soldiers, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/ December 1997

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Newsletter, Issue 6, December 2002

M. Smith, Britain bans boy soldiers going to war, Telegraph, 29 March 2002

U. McCauley, Now things are zig-zag: Perceptions of the impact of armed conflict on young people in Liberia, Radda Barnen, Stockholm, 2002, p. 1

See D. Keen 1995; A. Adedeji, 1999; C. Clapham, 1998; S. Ellis, 1999; P. Richards, 1995,1996; W. Reno, 1993

R. Kaplan, The ends of the earth: A journey to the frontiers of anarchy, Vintage Books, New York, 1996 p. 45

P. Richards, Rebellion in Liberia and Sierra Leone: Crisis of youth? in O. Farley (eds.) Conflict in Africa 1995, p. 158

I. Abdullah and P. Muana, The Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone:
A revolt of the lumpen proletariat, in C. Clapham (ed.) African guerrillas, James Currey, Oxford, 1998, p. 190

The Coalition to Stop the Use, The use of children as soldiers in Africa: A country analysis of child recruitment and participation in armed conflict, Coalition to stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Châtelaine, 1999, p. 67

J. Berry and C. Berry (eds.), Genocide in Rwanda: A collective memory, Howard University Press, Washington Dc, 1999, p. 14

D. Dunn, The civil war in Liberia, in T. M. Ali and R.O. Matthews (eds.), Civil wars in Africa: Roots and resolutions, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999, p. 96-97

D. Keen, When war itself is privatised: The twisted logic that makes violence worthwhile in Sierra Leone, Times Literary Supplement, 29 December 1995,
p. 13

Quoted in Y. Bangura, Understanding the political and cultural dynamics of the Sierra Leone war: A critique of Paul Richards’ fighting for the rain forest, Africa Development, Vol. XXII, No3 or 4, 1997 p. 118

Keen, op cit, p. 13

Ibrahim and Muana, op cit, p. 182

Keen, op cit, p. 13

The Guardian, 4 May 2002

Dunn, op cit, p. 97

S. Ellis, Liberia’s warlord insurgency, in Clapham, op cit, p. 157

Dunn, op cit, p. 96

Ellis, op cit, p. 163

Ibid.

Ibid, p. 166

B. Jones, Civil war, the peace process and genocide in Rwanda, in Ali and Matthews (eds.), op cit, p. 60

Ibid, p. 58

Ibid, p. 55

Berry and Berry, op cit, p. 3

Ibid.

A. Adedeji (ed.), Comprehending and mastering African conflicts: The search for sustainable peace and good governance, Zed Books, New York, 1999 p. 9

McCauley, op cit, p. 2

Amnesty International, Sierra Leone: childhood – a casualty of conflict, Amnesty International, London, August 2000, p. 1

Machel, op cit, p. 9

Honwana, op cit, p. 6

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (1999), op cit, p. 114

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Ethiopia and Eritrea: A peace dividend for child soldiers? 10th July 2000

Exact figures are not available

Brett and McCallin, op cit, p. 69

Ibid, p. 80

Brett (2000), op cit, p. 13

C. Nordstrom, Girls and war zones: Troubling questions, Life and Peace Institute, Uppsala, May 1997, p. 1 and 20

Human Rights Watch, Easy prey: Child soldiers in Liberia, Human Rights Watch, New York, 1994, p. 25

Wessels, op cit

Honwana, op cit, p. 8

Ibid.

I. McConnan, Child soldiers and children associated with the fighting forces, draft report of a desk study, Save the Children UK, London, 2000, p. 5

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (1999), op cit, p. 4

Human Rights Watch, op cit, p. 27

Quoted in Ellis, op cit, p. 158

W. Ojukutu - Macaulay, Children with guns, The QUILL, 30 July 1997

P. Richards, Fighting for the rain forest: War, youth and resources in Sierra Leone, James Currey, Oxford, 1996, p. 29

Abdullah and Muana, op cit, p. 172

Twum-Danso, op cit, p. 15

Machel, op cit, p. 11

Brett and McCallin, op cit, p. 57

Bennett, op cit, p. 2

Ibid, p. 3-4

E. Poluha, K. Norman and J. Einarsdottir, Children across time and space: social and cultural conceptions of children and children’s rights, Save the Children Sweden, Stockholm, 2000, p. 6

Bennett, op cit, p. 2

Ibid, p. 20

Ibid.

McConnan, op cit, p. 4

Keen, op cit, p. 13

Macklin, 2000

Brett, op cit, p. 11

Machel, op cit, p. 8

S. Stavrou and R. Stewart, The reintegration of child soldiers and abducted children: A case study of Palaro and Pabbo, Gulu District, Northern Uganda, in
E. Bennett et al, op cit. p. 49

Honwana, op cit, p. 8

I. Cohn and G. Goodwill-Gill, Child soldiers: The role of children in armed conflict, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994, p. 93

Human Rights Watch, op cit, p. 4

Ibid, p. 36-37

Newsweek, 7th August 1995

C. Dodge and M. Raundalen, Reaching children in war: Sudan, Uganda and Mozambique, Sigma Forlag and the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala and Bergen, 1991, p. 21

Brett and McCallin, op cit, p. 134

Machel, op cit, p. 20

Brett and McCallin, p. 163

Dodge and Raundalen, op cit, p. 21

Quoted in Cohn and Goodwill-Gill, op cit, p. 107

Stavrou and Stewart, op cit, p. 66

Machel, op cit, p. 18

Stavrou and Stewart, op cit, p. 51

Terburgh, op cit, p. 32

M. Black, Children in conflict: A child rights emergency, UK Committee for UNICEF, London, 1998, p1

InterAct, No.4, November 1999

D Mazurana, S. McKay, K. Carlson, J. Kasper, Girls in fighting forces and groups: Their recruitment, participation, demobilisation and reintegration, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 8 (2), 2002, p. 101

Ibid.

Ibid, p. 102

D. Vincent, The need for an urgent focus on girls affected by armed conflict, 2000, www.issafrica.org/projects/pmpweb/ACT/CEDEA.html

Nordstrom, op cit, p. 5

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Girls with guns, an agenda on child soldiers for Beijing Plus Five; World Vision Ireland, The effects of armed conflict on girls: a discussion paper for the UN study on the impact of armed conflict on children, World Vision Staff Working paper, No.1, October1996, p. 9

Quoted in Mazurana et al., op cit, p. 105

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, Girls with Guns, An Agenda on Child Soldiers for Beijing Plus Five

Brett and McCallin, op cit, p. 84

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (1998), op cit, p. 1

Abdullah and Muana, op cit, p. 180

Richards, op cit, p. 28

Brett and McCallin, op cit, p. 82

Quoted in Mazurana et al., op cit, p. 106

Brett (2000), op cit, p. 11

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001), op cit

Terburgh, op cit, p. 25

Brett and McCallin, op cit, p. 85

Mazurana et al., op cit, p. 107

IRIN, 9 July 2001

Mazurana et al., op cit, 117

J. Eno, The Sierra Leone conflict and its impact on girls, paper delivered at the learning for change conference on youth and conflict avoidance in West Africa, 18-20 November 2002, Otta, Ogun State, Nigeria, p. 6

Mazurana et al., op cit, p. 117

Quoted in Ibid

The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001), op cit,

Eno, op cit

Mazurana, op cit, p. 100

Ibid.

Brett, Girl soldiers: challenging the assumptions, The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers Newsletter, Issue 6, December 2002

Mazurana et al., op cit, p. 109

Quoted in Ibid, p. 110

Brett and McCallin, op cit, p. 83; World Vision Ireland, op cit, p. 9

K. Peters, personal communication, 12th November 2002

A. Twum-Danso, Girls also fight and suffer, West Africa, Issue 4322, 22nd–28th April 2002

UNICEF, For all the world’s children; child soldiers, UK Committee for UNICEF, London, 2002

Mazurana et al., op cit, p. 115

IRIN, op cit

Mazurana et al., op cit, p. 115

Stravou and Stewart, op cit, p. 67

Brett and McCallin, op cit, p. 146

Eno, op cit

Quoted in Brett (2002), p cit,