D Mazurana, S McKay, K Carlson & J Kasper, ”Girls in fighting forces and groups: their recruitment, participation, demobilisation and reintegration. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 8(2), 2002, pp 97–123.

D Mazurana et al., op cit.

Edgerton, cited in Mazurana et al, op cit, p 102.

D Mazurana et al, op. cit.

Coalition for Child Soldiers, 2000, in Mazurana, op cit, p 114.

S McKay, Gendering peace psychology, Peace and conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 2(2), 1996, pp 93–107.

K Kingma, Demobilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa, Macmillan Press, London, 2000, p 46.

N De Watteville, Addressing gender issues in demobilisation and reintegration programmes, Africa Region Working Paper Series, Africa Region World Bank, 2002

D Mazurana et al., op cit.

Ibid.

Ibid. p 117.

N De Watteville, op.cit.

N De Watteville, op.cit.

Ibid. , p 20.

Ibid.

Ibid , p 14,

A Veale, & A Adefrisew, Study of street children in four regional towns of Ethiopia. National University of Ireland, Cork, 1993.

Cape Town Principles, UNICEF, 1997, p 1

D Donald, A Dawes & J Louw. Addressing childhood adversity, David Phillip, Cape Town, 2000.

Y Kearns, The voices of girl soldiers: Summary report, Quaker United Nations Office, New York, 2002.

Refugees International, 2000, pg 1, cited in Mazurana et al., op. cit. p 106.

D Ayalew & S Dercon, ‘From the fun to the plough’: the macro- and micro-level impact of demobilisation in Ethiopia. In Kingma, K. (Ed.). Demobilisation in sub-Saharan Africa. Macmillan Press, London, 2000, Pp 132–171.

S Vaughan, The Addis Ababa transitional conference of July 1991: its origins, history and significance. Occasional papers No. 51. University of Edinburgh. Centre of African Studies, Edinburgh, 1994

A Ayalew & S Dercon, op cit.

E M Bruchhaus & A Mehreteab, ‘Leaving the warm house: the impact of demobilisation in Eritrea. p 95 In K Kingma, (Ed.). Demobilisation in sub-Saharan Africa, Macmillan Press, London, 2000,Pp 95–131.

Ibid.

A Ayalew & S Dercon, op cit, p 144.

This figure is based on Ayalew & Dercon’s, 2000, figures showing that between 3–4% of 445,000 demobilised personnel from the Derg military forces were females.

E M Bruchhaus & A Mehreteab, op cit, p 121.

A Fitzpatrick, Young offenders perceptions of education, Unpublished M.Phil. Thesis, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland, 1999.

G Kelly, The psychology of personal constructs NY : Norton 1,1995, p 137.

E M Bruchhaus & A Mehreteab, op cit, p121.

Tsegay, The Tigrean Women in the Liberation Struggle and its Aftermath, Addis Ababa University, 1999,p62

Ibid. p 62.

Ibid. , p 69.

D Mazurana et al., op cit. p 109

Tsegay, 1999,op cit. p 71/72.

A De Watteville, op cit.

A Ayalew & S Dercon, op cit.

See notes on sampling. Women were selected on an ad hoc basis. Five women were initially identified through a key informant and all five worked in Government offices. These women were asked to invite a female ex-combatant friend to also participate in the study and all also worked in Government jobs.

A De Watteville, op cit, p 19.

E M Burchhaus & A Mehreteab, op cit, p 120

A De Watteville, op cit.

Ibid. p 22

S Vaughan, op cit.

S McKay, The effects of armed conflict on girls and women. Peace and conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 4 (4)1998,pp 381–392.