NOTES

Published in Monograph No 110, December 2004

Sector Policing on the West Rand
Three Case Studies

JONNY STEINBERG

1. Indeed, where professional personnel are in short supply, the Draft National Instruction allows for the recruitment of police reservists into sector policing functions.
   
   

2. Seven sector policing experiments were conducted in U.S. cities between 1972 and 1973. See, inter alia, Alfred I. Shwartz and Summer N. Clarren, Evaluation of Cincinnati’s Community Sector Team Policing Program: A Progress Report After One Year, Working Paper 3005-18, Washington D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1975; Lawrence W. Sherman, Catherine H. Milton and Thomas V. Kelly, Team Policing: Seven Case Studies, Washington D.C.: The Police Foundation, 1973.
   
   

3. FBI, Uniform Crime Reports, 1963-1973.
   
   

4. See, for instance, Albert J. Reiss, The Police and the Public, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.
   
   

5. See George Kelling, Tony Pate, Duane Dieckman and Charles Brown, The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, Washington D.C.: The Police Foundation, 1974.
   
   

6. Carl Klockars (ed), Thinking about Police, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.
   
   

7. Lawrence Sherman, Patrick Gartin and Michael Buerger, Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place, Criminology 27, 1989, 27-55.
   
   

8. Lawrence Sherman, The Police, in James Q. Wilson and Joan Petersilia (eds), Crime, San Fransisco: ICS Press, 1995, 331-332.
   
   

9. Sherman, The Police, op cit, 333.
   
   

10. Sherman, The Police, op cit, 337. For the classic statement of the thesis that policing misdemeanour crimes reduces the level of serious crimes see James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, Broken Windows: The Police and Neighbourhood Safety, Atlantic Monthly, April 1982, 28-39.
    
    

11. John E. Eck and Edward R. Maquire, Have Changes in Policing Reduced Violent Crime? An Assessment of the Evidence, in Alfred Blumstein and Joel Wallman (eds), The Crime Drop in America, Cambridge, Mass: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 207-265.
    
    

12. Andres Villaveces, Peter Cummings, Victoria Espitia, Thomas Koepsell, Barbara McKnight and Arthur Kellerman, Effect of a Ban on Carrying Firearms on Homicide Rates in Two Colombian Cities, JAMA, 1 March 2000, 1205-1209.
    

13. David H. Bayley, Policing in America: Assessment and Prospects, Washington D.C.: The Police Foundation, 1998, 3-4.
    
    

14. The classic and original statement of the idea of POP is Herman Goldstein, Improving Policing: A Problem-Oriented Approach, Crime and Delinquency 25, 1979, 236-258.
    
    

15. Jerry V. Wilson, Convenience Store Robberies: The Gainesville, Fla. 2-Clerk Law, Washington D.C.: Crime Cntrol Research Corporation, 1990.
    
    

16. Malcolm K. Sparrow, Mark H. Moore and David M. Kennedy, Beyond 911: A New Era for Policing, New York: Basic Books, 1990.
    
    

17. Sherman, The Police, op cit, 344.
    
    

18. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime revised edition, Vintage: New York, 1985, 109.
    
    

19. Bill Dixon and Janine Rauch, Sector Policing: Origins and Prospects, Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2004, 57.
    
    

20. See, for instance, Community Policing in Chicago, Year Seven: An Interim Report, Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2000; George Kelling and Anne Marie Rocheleau, Boston ’s Comprehensive Communities Program: A Case Study, 2004, Washington D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 2004.
    
    

21. Dixon and Rauch, Sector Policing, op cit 46.
    
    

22. For a taste of the difficulties entailed in determining which, if any, policing models have been responsible for reducing crime, see Eck and Maquire, op cit.
    
    

23. John Van Maanen, The Asshole, in Justice Quarterly 1(1), 1978, 75-90.
    
    

24. James Q. Wilson, op cit 69.
    
    

25. Goldstein, op cit, 236.
    
    

26. Ronald V. Clarke, Problem Oriented Policing: Case Studies, Washington D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 2002, 2.
    
    

27. For a thorough account of policing in South Africa since 1994, see Mark Shaw, Crime and Policing in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Transforming Under Fire, Cape Town: David Philip, 2002.
    
    

28. Fivaz reveals illiteracy level in the police force, Daily Dispatch, 27 September 1999.
    
    

29. Seeted Leggett, The State of Crime and Policing, in S. Buhlungu, J. Daniel, J. Lutchman and R. Southall (eds) The State of the Nation: South Africa 2004/2005, HSRC: Pretoria, forthcoming, 156-159.
    
    

30. Shaw, op cit, 76.
    
    

31. Leggett, op cit, 165.
    
    

32. The restructuring of the detective branch on the West Rand is not examined in this monograph. It deserves its own comprehensive study.
    
    

33. Interview with Senior Superintendent Peche, 26 October 2004.
    
    

34. Indeed, the West Rand appears to have learned the lessons of the earliest team-based sector policing projects in the United States in the early 1970s. There, sector-based teams were detached from the main body of the station-level organisation; in many cases, they simply constituted an extra limb which soon withered and died.
    
    

35. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon, undated.
    
    

36. Egon Bittner, Aspects of Police Work, Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990, 249.
    
    

37. Ibid, 245.
    
    

38. Ibid, 261-2.
    
    

39. See, in particular, Lawrence Sherman and Douglas Smith, Legal and Informal Control of Domestic Violence, in American Sociological Review 57, 1992, 680-690.