ISS Home Page Search the site

ENDNOTES

Published in Monograph No 118, June 2005

Local Catalysts, Global Reactions
Cycles of Conflict in the Mano River Basin

Taya Weiss

 

  1. G Campbell, Blood diamonds, Westview Press, Boulder CO, 2004, p 187.

  2. P Gains, Where angels will not tread, South African Sunday Herald, 17 August 2003.

  3. R Kaplan, The coming anarchy, Atlantic Monthly, February 1994.

  4. P Richards, Fighting for the rain forest: War, youth, and resources in Sierra Leone, James Currey, Oxford, 1996.

  5. For example, Richards cites the RUF’s 1995 manifesto “Footpaths to democracy”, accepting its revolutionary rhetoric as the basis for campaigns of what have now been widely acknowledged by the perpetrators themselves as random violence: “No more shall the rural countryside be reduced to hewers of wood and drawers of water for urban Freetown.”

  6. Aid groups say resettlement of people too hasty, IRIN, 6 May 2005. http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=46990&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=LIBERIA

  7. UNDP press release, 12 April 2005.

  8. Sierra Leone Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, January 2005 final draft.

  9. Thousands died in Africa yesterday, New York Times, 27 February 2005.

  10. According to the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation analysis of the government budget request: http://64.177.207.201/static/budget/annual/fy05/

  11. Reported in Independent Media, 15 July 2004, http://www.independent-media.tv/item.cfm?fmedia_id=8223&fcategory_desc=Legislation%20and%20Policy

  12. S Ellis, The Mask of anarchy: The destruction of Liberia and the religious dimensions of an African civil war, Hurst, London, 1999, p 158.

  13. B Woodward, Veil: The secret wars of the CIA, 1981-1987, Simon and Schuster, New York : 1987, p 87-88, and as cited in Ellis, op cit, 1999.

  14. For an excellent in-depth discussion of these dynamics, see Ellis, op cit, Chapter 4, “Business and diplomacy.”

  15. Human Rights Watch, Youth, poverty and blood: The lethal legacy of West Africa ’s regional warriors. April 2005, http://hrw.org/reports/2005/westafrica0405/index.htm.

  16. IRIN, Ethnic tensions threaten to explode in Southeast, 7 July 2004. http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=42067&SelectRegion=West_Africa

  17. International Crisis Group, Guinée: Incertitudes autour d’une fin de règne. Africa Report No. 74, 2003, p 18.

  18. IRIN, Ethnic tensions threaten to explode in Southeast, 7 July 2004. http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=42067&SelectRegion=West_Africa

  19. Ibid.

  20. Ibid.

  21. Interview with a JMAC intelligence officer, Monrovia, 15 November 2004.

  22. Interview, Monrovia, 12 November 2004.

  23. Interview with WANEP, Monrovia, 16 November 2004.

  24. Sierra Leone Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Chapter 3, section 3.2.

  25. HRW, op cit.

  26. Ibid.

  27. Ibid.

  28. The 2004 Human Development Index is available at http://hdr.undp.org/2004/.

  29. Millennium Development Goals Report: September 2003, p 7. Prepared by the Government of Liberia in collaboration with development partners and academic and private sector institutions. Available online at http://www.lr.undp.org/mdg.pdf. 

  30. HDI 2004 and Sierra Leone ’s PRSP.

  31. Liberia MDG report, 2003.

  32. As reported in IRIN, Child-soldier ring investigated amid warnings of growing West African mercenary activity, 13 April 2005, http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=46626&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=COTE_D_IVOIRE-LIBERIA

  33. HRW, op cit, and IRIN News.

  34. Ibid.

  35. IRIN, 13 April 2005.

  36. UNAIDS 2000, CIA World Factbook: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/

  37. Interview Monrovia, 12 November 2004.

  38. A de Waal and N Argenti, Young Africa, Africa World Press, Trenton NJ, 2002, p 125.

  39. A McIntyre, Children as conflict stakeholders: Towards a new discourse on young combatants. Unpublished paper, 2000.

  40. Interview with Dennis Bright in Freetown, 15 October 2004.

  41. A de Waal and N Argenti, op cit.

  42. Interview in Kenema, 3 November 2004.

  43. UNDP Press release, 12 April 2005.

  44. Interview with FIND trainers, Monrovia, 16 November 2004.

  45. Source: Training Modules on Pre-Discharge Orientation Activities for Ex-combatants in the DDRR Program. Developed by The Foundation for International Dignity, April 2004, Monrovia.

  46. This is a reference to riots that broke out in Monrovia, killing 16 people and caused by some combination of ethnic tension and volatile ex-combatant participation in violence.

  47. Interview at FIND, Monrovia, 16 November 2004.

  48. Interview in Monrovia 15 November 2004, name and organisation withheld for confidentiality.

  49. Interview at WANEP, Monrovia, 11 November 2004.

  50. IRIN News, 28 July 2004. On the web at http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=42416&SelectRegion=West_Africa&SelectCountry=LIBERIA

  51. Interview 28 October 2004, Kono.

  52. A de Waal and N Argenti, op cit, p 151.

  53. C Nordstrom, Shadows of war: Violence, power, and international profiteering in the twenty-first century, University of California Press, Los Angeles CA, 2004, p 207.

  54. August 2004, as quoted at http://www.peacediamonds.org/home.asp?id=02

  55. Interview NMJD Kono, 28 October 2004.

  56. Interview with Leslie Mboka, Executive Director, Community Advocacy and Development Project (CADEP), Bonthe, Sierra Leone, 9 November 2004.

  57. 30 October 2004, Koidu Town

  58. The recent arrest and charging of Dutch national Gus Kouwenhoven on Monday 21 March 2005 highlighted this issue again. Kouwenhoven has been charged with breaking the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) imposed arms embargo on Liberia, and is suspected of being linked with war crimes according to the Dutch prosecutorial authorities. The UN Expert Panel has detailed that Kouwenho even, President of the Oriental Timber Company, was closely associated with Charles Taylor and sold him weapons.

  59. Global Witness Report, Dangerous liaisons: The continued relationship between Liberia ’s natural resource industries, arms trafficking and regional insecurity. A briefing document submitted by Global Witness to the UN Security Council, 8 December 2004, p 9. http://www.globalwitness.org/reports/show.php/en.00067.html

  60. Ibid p 6.

  61. UN Security Council, Third progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Liberia. S/2004/430.

  62. Interview with JMAC officer, 15 November 2004.

  63. 13 November 2004 Interview at UNMIL DDRR headquarters.

  64. Interview with Charles Achodo, Monrovia, 12 November 2004.

  65. Source: NCDDRR Consolidated Report, 24 November, Liberia (www.ddrrliberia.org).

  66. P Coker, Mopping up weapons in local communities, UNAMSIL Review, UN, April 2002, p 9.

  67. Report on Border Survey and Problems Affecting the Three (3) Border Chiefdoms, Kono Police document dated June 2004.

  68. Interview, Kenema, 2 November 2004.

  69. See, for example, P Richards, op cit, Chapter 2, p 55: “Survivalism: Rambo and the Dramaturgy of War in Sierra Leone.”

  70. Interview with Dennis Bright, Freetown, 15 October 2004.

  71. Based on the BBC Liberia Timeline, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043567.stm.

  72. Based on the BBC Sierra Leone Timeline, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1065898.stm.

  73. Based on the BBC Guinea Timeline http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1032515.stm

  74. Based on the BBC Ivory Coast Timeline http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043106.stm